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The X-Ray Safety Manual contains procedural guidelines and information for prudent work practices while using any x-ray producing device (XPD) at USC. The manual is made available to every area authorized to use XPDs and any area where XPDs are present. How do I:
Safety Tips and GuidelinesAdditional safety tips and guidelines are available for the following x-ray equipment and techniques.
Resources
Cabinet X-RayA cabinet X-ray device is an entirely shielded system that stops most radiation from leaving the enclosure. Examples of cabinet X-ray systems at USC include X-ray irradiators and digital X-ray cabinets. The enclosure is typically made of lead and is designed to attenuate radiation to levels below 0.5 mR/hr at any point 5 centimeters from any surface of the device. Lead PPE and personal dosimetry are not required when using a cabinet X-ray device because radiation remains at background levels during operation. Device Users are advised to continue following ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) principles when using the device:
Cabinet X-ray devices have safety features that prevent X-ray production when the X-ray source is accessible and warn the user when X-rays are being produced. Examples of interlocks include:
It is essential to maintain the integrity of the shielding and safety devices by following these safe practices:
The Radiation Safety Office will complete a leakage survey upon installation or any major repair and constantly monitors all rooms that house a cabinet X-ray device for leakage radiation with area dosimeters. All device malfunctions or suspected incidents must be reported to the Radiation Safety Officer immediately. Reference Electron MicroscopeTo ensure exposures are As Low As Resonably Achievable (ALARA), EM users will conduct the following:
Additionally, EM users must:
EM Owners/Supervisors must:
Download the Electron Microscope Safety Guide Sheet to review and record user compliance. Handheld Dental X-ray UnitIndividuals who operate dental X-ray units must be aware of the risks of radiation and follow safe work practices to keep patient exposure and their own exposure As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA). Operator Safety Patient Safety
References Aribex- Nomad Pro 2 Operator Manual California Dental Association- Radiation Safety in Dental Practice American Dental Association (ADA) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Handheld X-ray Fluorescence AnalyzerThese guidelines do not apply to handheld dental units. For more information, see Handheld Dental X-ray Unit above. X-ray fluorescence is the emission of characteristic X-rays from excited atoms in a material that was bombarded with X-rays. X-ray Fluorescence Analyzers (XFAs) use this phenomenon for non-destructive elemental and chemical analysis and are typically used for research in geochemistry and archaeology. Primary Beam Risks Scatter Radiation Risks Safety Features
Proper Setup
Table 1. Responses of the Skin to Radiation
References Veterinary Research FluoroscopyFluoroscopy is a method of continuous X-ray imaging that allows for real-time monitoring of a procedure. The primary fluoroscopy beam produces radiation at a rate of 2000-5000 mR/minute and produces high levels of scatter radiation when the animal on the table is exposed to it.
Personnel must:
References X-ray DiffractionLow energy X-rays are readily absorbed in the first few millimeters of the skin. The primary beam is collimated to a small beam diameter, which increases the risk of a severe, localized injury. Acute effects of radiation exposure to the skin can be found in Table 1. Examples of Warning Displays
DO NOT
DO
What material is used in the x4 Uniformity of the X-ray beam. An X-ray tube emits some X-rays in every direction, necessitating lead shielding inside the tube housing to protect the patient and staff from unnecessary exposure. A collimator system is used to adjust the beam to the required size (Box 3.3).
What material is used in the xAn X-ray tube consist of a spiral filament acting as the cathode and a water cooled block of copper as the anode. Both electrodes are sealed off in an evacuated glass-(ceramic)-metal cylinder. The filament made out of Tungsten wire is embedded in a narrow steel groove (1 mm x 10 mm).
What is the possible solution for reduce the risk of xTell the X-ray technologist in advance if you are, or might be, pregnant. Ask if a protective shield can be used. If you or your children are getting an X-ray, ask whether a lead apron or other shield should be used. Ask your dentist if he/she uses the faster (E or F) speed film for X-rays.
Which material is known to reduce the xThe radiation intensity is reduced by filtering out the low-energy component of the X-ray spectrum using aluminium filters.
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