Siblings in the order in which they were born influence each other. Show
Later Borns usually enjoy better relations with peers than firstborns. Older siblings have dominant role and sibling interaction. Middlebourne's are more diplomatic, often performing the role of negotiator. Last Borns, called the baby of the family, our dependent, lack self-control, self-centered For most parents, their children's development during adolescence and emerging adulthood overlaps with their own development during midlife. Studies have found that, for most people in most respects, midlife is an especially satisfying and enjoyable time of life. People's personalities also tend to become more flexible and adaptive when they reach midlife. Studies also suggest that adolescents' growing autonomy may be welcomed by most parents because it gives parents more time to enjoy their own lives. The family systems approach is based on 2 key principles: that each subsystem (eg. the relationships between 2 persons within the family eg. mother and father or adolescent and younger sibling) influences the other subsystems in the family and that a change in any family member or subsystem - such as when parents reach midlife, adolescents reach puberty, or emerging adults leave home - results in a period of disequilibrium that requires adjustments. Adolescents not only affected by their parents but also affect their parents in return. Scholars refer to this principle as reciprocal or bidirectional effects between parents and children. Research involving siblings indicates that adolescent siblings within the same family often give different accounts of what their parents are like toward them. This may be a result of differential parenting, meaning that parents behaviour often differs toward siblings within the same family. In addition, differential parenting results in nonshared environmental influences, meaning that the siblings experienced quite different family environments, and the consequences of these differences are evident in adolescents' behaviour and psychological functioning. Research shows that conflict between parents and children tends to be highest during early adolescence, and many American parents experience their children's adolescence as a difficult time. Major sources of conflict include puberty, which raises issues of possible sexual activity, and adolescents cognitive development, which makes them better at arguing their point of view. Also, parents often fear for their adolescents' well-being, which leads to conflicts over the extent of adoescent's autonomy. Parent-adolescent conflict tends to be lower in traditional cultures because of the greater economic interdependence of family members and because the role of parent in those cultures holds greater authority. Emerging adults who move away from home tend to be closer emotionally to their parents because they no longer experience the conflicts that occur from sharing the same household. Whether they live with their parents or not, emerging adults are better than adolescents at taking their parents' perspective and seeing them as people and not merely as parents. Learning Objective 1 Family as a system The family can also be thought of as a number of SUBSYSTEMS with each family member belonging to several of these subsystems. Divisions of labour among family members define particular subunits, and attachments define others. Each family member is a participant in several subsystems - some DYADIC (involving 2 people) some POLYADIC (involving more than 2 people). Example, the father and adolescent represent 1 dyadic subsysem the mother and father another; the mother, father , adolescent represent 1 polyadic subsystem, the more and 2 siblings represent another polyadic subsystem. A second, related principle of the family systems approach is that a change in any family member or family subsystem results in a period of disequilibrium (or imbalance) until the family system adjusts to the change. When a child reaches adolescence, the changes that accompany adolescent development make a certain amount of dis-eqilibrium normal and inevitable. A key change is the advent of puberty and sexual maturity, which typically results in disequilibrium in relationships with each parent. Learning Objective 2 Parents as Managers Parents have a great deal of responsibility in socialising adolescents who are testing family and societal boundaries. One view, proposed by Santrock (2017) suggests that parents are managers, in terms of regulating an adolescent's opportunities with other people and settings. Therefore, in order to help adolescents reach their full potential, it's important for parents to be effective managers, by finding out information, helping to structure choices, and providing guidance. If parents successfully fulfill this managerial role then they help adolescents to avoid potential problems and better enable them to work their way through decisions and choices that they may face. Parents can also help adolescents to avoid potential problems and better enable them to work their way through decisions and choices that they may face. Parents can also help regulate opportunities for their adolescents in terms of their social contact with peers, friends and other adults. Finally, one of the main managerial roles of parenting is effective monitoring or supervising of their social settings, activities, friends and academic progress. Parenting Styles Virtually all of the prominent scholars who have studied parenting have described it in terms of 2 dimensions: DEMANDINGNESS and RESPONSIVENESS (also known by other terms such as CONTROL and WARMTH). Parental demandingness is the degree to which parents set down rules and expectations for behaviour and require their children to comply with them. Parental responsiveness is the degree to which parents are sensitive to their children's needs and express love, warmth and concern. Many scholars have combined these 2 dimensions to describe different kids of parenting styles. For many years, the best known and most widely used conception of parenting styles was the one articulated by Diana Baumrind. Her research on middle-class American families, along with the research of other scholars inspired by her ideas, identified 4 distinct parenting styles: authoriatrian, authoritative, neglectful and indulgent parenting. AUTHORITARIAN AUTHORITATIVE NEGLECTFUL INDULGENT Authoritative associated with most favoruable outcomes Inconsistency between parents is negative Authoritative Authoritarian Permissive Disengaged A great deal of research has been conducted on how parenting styles influence adolescents' development. In general authoritative parenting is associated with the most favourable outcomes, at least by Western standards. Adolescents who have authoritative parents tend to be independent, self-assured, creative and socially skilled. They also tend to do well in school and to get along well with their peers and with adults. Authoritative parenting helps adolescents develop characteristics such as optimism and self-regulation that in turn have positive effects on a wide range of behaviours. All the other parenting styles are associated with some negative outcomes, although the type of negative outcome varies depending on the specific parenting style. Are the effects of parenting on adolescents really "effective"? A more complex picture of parenting Although parent-adolescent relationships can vary considerably, researchers are finding that for the most part, the relationships are very important to development and are more positive than once thought. Parents undoutedly affect their adolescents profoundly by their parenting, the process is not nearly as simple as the cause-and-effect model. Sometimes discussions of parenting make it sound as though parenting style A automatically and inevitably produces adolescent type X. However, enough research has taken place by now to indicate that the relationship between pareting styles and adolescenet development is considerably more complex than that. Adolescents not only are affected by their parents but also affect their parents in return. The concept of RECIPROCAL SOCIALISATION or EFFECTS defines the process by which both parents and children influence each other, and this process results in constant change, as do all developmental processes. Research involving siblings indicates that adolescent siblings within the same family often give different accounts of what their parents are like toward them. This may be due to differential parenting, meaning that parents' behaviour often differs toward siblings within the same family. Thus, one adolescent may see her parents as admirably demanding and responsive, the epitome of the autoritative parent, whereas her brother describes the same parents as dictorial, unresponsive, authoritarian parents. These differences in how adolescents perceive their parents' behaviour are in turn related to differences in the adolescents: The ones who perceive their parents as authoritative tend to be happier and to be functioning better in a variety of ways. Not the possible role of reciprocal effects here as well. Parents may treat their adolescents differently in part because the adolescents vary in how resistant or compliant they are in response to parents' rules and guidelines. Learning Objective 3 Non-Western Cultures American Ethnic Minority Cultures Cultural context important to results of parenting styles Almost all the research on parenting styles has taken place in American society, and most of it has centred on families in the American culture. What do parent - adolescent relationships look like if we step outside of the American experience and look around the world, especially toward non-Western cultures? Probably the most striking difference is how rare the authoritative parenting style is in non-Western cultures. Remember, a distinctive feature of authoritative parents is that they do not rely on the authority of the parental role to ensure that adolescents comply with their commands and instructions. Outside of the West, however, this is an extremely rare approach to adolescent socialisation. In traditional cultures, parents expect that their authority will be obeyed, without question and without requiring an explanation. This is true not only of non-industrial traditional cultures but also of industrialised traditional cultures outside the West, most notably Asian cultures such as China, Japan, Vietnam and South Korea Extended
Family Relationships In traditional cultures, young men generally remain in their family home after marriage, and young women move into their new husband's home. This practice has been remarkably resistant to the influence of globalisation so far. It remains the typical pattern, eg. in the majority cultures of India and China, the 2 most populous countries in the world, as well as in most other traditional cultures in Asia and Africa. Consequently, children in these cutures typically grow up in a household that includes not only their parents and siblings but also their grandparents, and often their uncles, aunts and cousins. Similar patterns of closeness to grandparents have been found among adolescents in American minority cultures. Asian American adolescents typically grow up with grandparents either in the home or living nearby, and they report high levels of nurturing and support from their grandparents. Extended family members are also important figures in the lives of adolescents in Western majority cultures. About 80% of American adolescents list at least one member of their extended family among the people most important to them, and closeness to grandparents is positively related to adolescents' well-being. However, in the American majority culture, adolescents' contact with extended family members is relatively infrequent, in part because extended family members often live many miles away. Parent-Adolescent Conflict Although the biological and cognitive changes of adolescence may provide a basis for parent-adolescent conflict, this does not mean that such conflict is universal and 'natural'. Biological and cognitive changes take place among adolescents in all cultures, yet parent-adolescent conflict is not typical in all cultures. Cultures can take the raw material of nature and shape it in highly diverse ways. This is no less true for parent-adolescent conflict than for the other topics addressed in this text. In traditional cultures, it is rare for parents and adolescents to engage in the kind of frequent, petty conflicts typical of parent-adolescent relationships in the American majority culture. Part of the reason is ECONOMIC. In traditional cultures, family members tend to rely on each other economically. In many of these cultures, family members spend a great deal of time together each day, working on family economic enterprises. Children and adolescents depend on their parents for the necessities of life, parents depend on children and adolescents for the contribution of their labour, and all family members are expected to assist one another routinely and help one another in times of need. Under such conditions, the pressure to maintain family harmony is intense because the economic interdependence of the family is so strong 5 Patterns Less conflict and rivalry in emerging adulthood For about 80% of American adolescents, and similar proportions in other developed countries, the family system also includes relationships with at least 1 sibling. The proportion of families with siblings is even higher in developing countries, where birth rates tend to be higher and families with only 1 child are rare (United Nations Development Programme, 2016) 5 common patterns can be identified in adolescents' relationships with their siblings. In the CAREGIVER relationship, one sibling serves parental functions for the other. This kind of relationship is most common between an older sister and younger siblings, in both Western and non-Western cultures. In the BUDDY relationship, siblings treat each other as friends. They try to be like one another, and they enjoy being together. A CRITICAL relationship between siblings is characterized by a high level of conflict and teasing. In a RIVAL relationship, siblings compete against each other and measure their success against one another. Finally, in a CASUAL relationship between siblings, the relationship between them is not emotionally intense, and they may have little to do with one another. Adolescents' relationships with their siblings can take any one of these forms, or any combination of them. Learning Objective 5 - Major changes Many of the cahnges that have taken place in Western societies over the past 2 centruies have ahd important effects on families. 3 of the changes that have influenced family life over the past 2 centuries are a lower birth rate, longer life expecgtancy, and a movement from predominantly rural residence to predominantly urban residence. 1. Young people of 200 years ago tended to grow up in large families; in 1800, women in the United States gave birth to an average of 8 children. 2. Up until about 1900, the average human life expectancy was about 45, now it is in the mid-70s and still rising. Because of the lower life expectancy in earlier times, marriages frequently ended in the death of a spouse in young or middle adult-hood. Thus, adolescents frequently experienced the death of a parent and the remarriage of their widowed parent. 3. Increased urbanisation has also resulted in changes in family life. Up until about 200 years ago, most people lived and worked on a family farm. As recently as 1830, nearly 70% of American children lived in farm families. Each of these changes has had effects on young people's family lives. Overall, we can say that the range of functions the family serves has been greatly reduced, many of them taken over by other social institutions. The family in our time ha mainly emotional or affective functions - the family is supposed to provide its members with love, nurturance, and affection above all else. Effects Many countries around the world have experienced significant changes in divorce rates, with dramatic increases in the late 20th century (Amato, 2006). Stepfamilies Stepfamily Structure Adjustment Stepfamilies are characterised by family structure, with the three most common stepfamily types being; stepfather, stepmother, blended, or complex. In stepfather families, the father typically has custody of the children and remarried whereas in stepmother families the mother usually has custody of the Adjustment difficulties in stepfamily formation are similar to those demonstrated by adolescents in divorced families. One aspect of a stepfamily that
makes adjustment difficult is boundary ambiguity, where a lack of understanding about Which parenting style is associated with the most positive outcome for adolescent behavior?An authoritative parenting style has consistently been associated with positive developmental outcomes in youth, such as psychosocial competence (e.g., maturation, resilience, optimism, self-reliance, social competence, self-esteem) and academic achievement (e.g., Baumrind 1991; Lamborn et al.
Which of the following parenting styles is associated with the most positive outcomes?Children who have authoritative parents tend to show the best outcomes (e.g., school success, good peer skills, high self-esteem). This is generally true across ages, ethnicities, social strata, and many cultures.
Which type of parenting style appears to have the most positive Behavioural and emotional outcomes?Research tells us that authoritative parenting is ranked highly in a number of ways: Academic, social-emotional and behavioral. Similar to authoritarian parents, authoritative parents expect a lot from their children — but they expect even more from their own behavior.
Which elements in parenting style are associated with the most positive outcomes in children?In general, authoritative parenting has been associated with positive developmental outcomes (e.g., emotional stability, adaptive patterns of coping, life satisfaction); authoritarian parenting has been associated with poor academic achievement and depressive symptoms; and permissive parenting has been associated with ...
|
Which parenting style is associated with the most positive outcome for adolescent behavior quizlet?
zusammenhängende Posts
Urheberrechte © © 2024 toptenid.com Inc.
