Which of the following is true of the reactive strategy to ethical challenges in business?

The review protocol summary, including the review question and the eligibility criteria used for this section of the guideline, can be found in Table 143. A complete list of review questions and review protocols can be found in Appendix F; further information about the search strategy can be found in Appendix H.

13.2.1. Clinical evidence

No RCTs or systematic reviews of RCTs met the eligibility criteria for this review. A search for other systematic reviews identified only 1: Heyvaert 2014 (Heyvaert et al., 2014). An overview of the included systematic review can be found in Table 144. The review included 59 single-case or small-n studies (N = 94): Atcheson 2006 (Atcheson, 2006), Borrero 2002 (Borrero et al., 2002), Cameron 1996 (Cameron et al., 1996), Cannella-Malone 2008 (Cannella-Malone et al., 2008), Carr 2002 (Carr et al., 2002b), Chung 2010 (Chung & Cannella-Malone, 2010), Dura 1991 (Dura, 1991), Fisher 1996 (Fisher et al., 1996), Fisher 1997 (Fisher et al., 1997), Fisher 1998 (Fisher et al., 1998), Fox 2008 (Fox et al., 2008), Graff 1999 (Graff et al., 1999), Hanley 1998 (Hanley et al., 1998), Hanley 2000 (Hanley et al., 2000), Irvin 1998 (Irvin et al., 1998), Jena 1995 (Jena, 1995), Jena 1999 (Jena, 1999), Kahng 2001 (Kahng et al., 2001), Kelley 2002 (Kelley et al., 2002), Kerth 2009 (Kerth et al., 2009), Lalli 1996 (Lalli et al., 1996), Le 2002 (Le & Smith, 2002), LeBlanc 1997 (LeBlanc et al., 1997), Lerman 1996 (Lerman & Iwata, 1996), Lerman 1997 (Lerman et al., 1997), Lerman 2003 (Lerman et al., 2003), Lindberg 1999 (Lindberg et al., 1999), Luiselli 1991 (Luiselli, 1991), Luiselli 1998 (Luiselli, 1998), Matson 1990 (Matson & Keyes, 1990), Mazaleski 1994 (Mazaleski et al., 1994), McCord 2001 (McCord et al., 2001), McCord 2005 (McCord et al., 2005), McKerchar 2001 (McKerchar et al., 2001), Moore 2004 (Moore et al., 2004), Mueller 2006 (Mueller & Kafka, 2006), Northup 1997 (Northup et al., 1997), O'Connor 2003 (O'Connor et al., 2003), Piazza 1998 (Piazza et al., 1998), Rapp 2000a (Rapp & Miltenberger, 2000), Rapp 2000b (Rapp et al., 2000), Rapp 2001 (Rapp et al., 2001), Reid 1993 (Reid et al., 1993), Richman 1998 (Richman et al., 1998), Roane 2001 (Roane, 2001), Rolider 1991 (Rolider et al., 1991), Roscoe 1998 (Roscoe et al., 1998), Sisson 1993 (Sisson et al., 1993), Smith 1992 (Smith et al., 1992), Smith 1996 (Smith et al., 1996), Smith 1999 (Smith et al., 1999), Tarbox 2002 (Tarbox et al., 2002), Thompson 1998 (Thompson et al., 1998), Thompson 1999 (Thompson et al., 1999), Toole 2003 (Toole et al., 2003), Turner 1996 (Turner et al., 1996), Van Houten 1993 (Van Houten, 1993), Vollmer 1994 (Vollmer et al., 1994) and Zhou 2000 (Zhou et al., 2000). Of the 59 included studies, 20 were identified through the search of electronic databases and 39 were identified through the manual hand search of relevant journals. Fifty-eight studies were published in peer reviewed journals between 1990 and 2010 and one study (Atcheson 2006) was a dissertation from the University of North Texas.

Table 144

Study information table for the systematic review included in the review of reactive interventions.

The 59 included studies included 94 participants. Of the included participants, 2% had a mild learning disability, 4% moderate, 22% severe, 59% profound and 13% unspecified. The mean age of participants was 24 years (range = 3–58) and 51% were female. In 87% of cases, the targeted behaviour type was internal maladaptive behaviour. A summary of the review can be found in Table 144 and Appendix N.

Further information about included and excluded studies can be found in Heyvaert 2014.

Using the Single-Case Experimental Design (SCED) Scale (Tate et al., 2008), the methodological quality of the 59 included studies was 7.31 (SD = 1.15; range = 4–9) out of a possible 11 (high scores represent better quality).

A sensitivity analysis was conducted to investigate influence of an outlying case on overall effect size: the conclusions regarding the main statistical analysis and the moderator analysis are the same for the full dataset as for the dataset without the one outlier.

The meta-analysis was judged to be of adequate quality because 4 of the 5 methodological quality criteria were met; the search of published primary studies was judged to have been unlikely to identify all relevant studies since many are not published (see Appendix N). With regard to the evidence, because of limitations inherent in SCSn studies (see Chapter 3, Section 3.5.3), the evidence was graded as low quality.

The findings from the multi-level meta-analysis can be found in Table 145. In the table, Model 1 is the 3-level random effects regression model without moderators, Model 2 includes all potential moderators, and Model 3 includes only those moderators that were statistically significant in Model 2.

Table 145

Parameter estimates and standard errors for the multilevel meta-analysis of reactive strategies.

Which strategic response to ethical challenges is characterized by a firm doing the least that is required?

Which of the following languages is considered the lingua franca of global business?

What strategic response occurs when firms admit responsibility but do the least required?

Are constructed on the regulatory pillars of a society?