Which measure would be least effective in preventing postpartum hemorrhage Quizlet

Question 58CORRECTWhen making a visit to the home of a postpartum woman one week afterbirth, the nurse should recognize that the woman would characteristically:

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Question 59WRONGFour hours after a difficult labor and birth, a primiparous woman refuses tofeed her baby, stating that she is too tired and just wants to sleep. The nurseshould:Question 59 Explanation:Response 1 does not take into consideration the need for the newmother to be nurtured and have her needs met during the taking-instage. The behavior described is typical of this stage and not areflection of ineffective attachment unless the behavior persists.Mothers need to reestablish their own well-being in order to effectivelycare for their baby.

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Question 60WRONGParents can facilitate the adjustment of their other children to a new baby by:

Meta-Analysis

. 2018 Dec 19;12(12):CD011689.

doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011689.pub3.

Argyro Papadopoulou, Rebecca Man, Nikolaos Athanasopoulos, Aurelio Tobias, Malcolm J Price, Myfanwy J Williams, Virginia Diaz, Julia Pasquale, Monica Chamillard, Mariana Widmer, Özge Tunçalp, G Justus Hofmeyr, Fernando Althabe, Ahmet Metin Gülmezoglu, Joshua P Vogel, Olufemi T Oladapo, Arri Coomarasamy

Affiliations

• PMID: 30569545
• PMCID: PMC6388086
• DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011689.pub3

Free PMC article

Meta-Analysis

Uterotonic agents for preventing postpartum haemorrhage: a network meta-analysis

Ioannis D Gallos et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018.

Free PMC article

Abstract

Background: Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is the leading cause of maternal mortality worldwide. Prophylactic uterotonic agents can prevent PPH, and are routinely recommended. The current World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation for preventing PPH is 10 IU (international units) of intramuscular or intravenous oxytocin. There are several uterotonic agents for preventing PPH but there is still uncertainty about which agent is most effective with the least side effects. This is an update of a Cochrane Review which was first published in April 2018 and was updated to incorporate results from a recent large WHO trial.

Objectives: To identify the most effective uterotonic agent(s) to prevent PPH with the least side effects, and generate a ranking according to their effectiveness and side-effect profile.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth's Trials Register, ClinicalTrials.gov, the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (24 May 2018), and reference lists of retrieved studies.

Selection criteria: All randomised controlled trials or cluster-randomised trials comparing the effectiveness and side effects of uterotonic agents with other uterotonic agents, placebo or no treatment for preventing PPH were eligible for inclusion. Quasi-randomised trials were excluded. Randomised trials published only as abstracts were eligible if sufficient information could be retrieved.

Data collection and analysis: At least three review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion and risk of bias, extracted data and checked them for accuracy. We estimated the relative effects and rankings for preventing PPH ≥ 500 mL and PPH ≥ 1000 mL as primary outcomes. Secondary outcomes included blood loss and related outcomes, morbidity outcomes, maternal well-being and satisfaction and side effects. Primary outcomes were also reported for pre-specified subgroups, stratifying by mode of birth, prior risk of PPH, healthcare setting, dosage, regimen and route of administration. We performed pairwise meta-analyses and network meta-analysis to determine the relative effects and rankings of all available agents.

Main results: The network meta-analysis included 196 trials (135,559 women) involving seven uterotonic agents and placebo or no treatment, conducted across 53 countries (including high-, middle- and low-income countries). Most trials were performed in a hospital setting (187/196, 95.4%) with women undergoing a vaginal birth (71.5%, 140/196).Relative effects from the network meta-analysis suggested that all agents were effective for preventing PPH ≥ 500 mL when compared with placebo or no treatment. The three highest ranked uterotonic agents for prevention of PPH ≥ 500 mL were ergometrine plus oxytocin combination, misoprostol plus oxytocin combination and carbetocin. There is evidence that ergometrine plus oxytocin (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.59 to 0.84, moderate certainty), carbetocin (RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.93, moderate certainty) and misoprostol plus oxytocin (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.86, low certainty) may reduce PPH ≥ 500 mL compared with oxytocin. Low-certainty evidence suggests that misoprostol, injectable prostaglandins, and ergometrine may make little or no difference to this outcome compared with oxytocin.All agents except ergometrine and injectable prostaglandins were effective for preventing PPH ≥ 1000 mL when compared with placebo or no treatment. High-certainty evidence suggests that ergometrine plus oxytocin (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.03) and misoprostol plus oxytocin (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.11) make little or no difference in the outcome of PPH ≥ 1000 mL compared with oxytocin. Low-certainty evidence suggests that ergometrine may make little or no difference to this outcome compared with oxytocin meanwhile the evidence on carbetocin was of very low certainty. High-certainty evidence suggests that misoprostol is less effective in preventing PPH ≥ 1000 mL when compared with oxytocin (RR 1.19, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.42). Despite the comparable relative treatment effects between all uterotonics (except misoprostol) and oxytocin, ergometrine plus oxytocin, misoprostol plus oxytocin combinations and carbetocin were the highest ranked agents for PPH ≥ 1000 mL.Misoprostol plus oxytocin reduces the use of additional uterotonics (RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.73, high certainty) and probably also reduces the risk of blood transfusion (RR 0.51, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.70, moderate certainty) when compared with oxytocin. Carbetocin, injectable prostaglandins and ergometrine plus oxytocin may also reduce the use of additional uterotonics but the certainty of the evidence is low. No meaningful differences could be detected between all agents for maternal deaths or severe morbidity as these outcomes were rare in the included randomised trials where they were reported.The two combination regimens were associated with important side effects. When compared with oxytocin, misoprostol plus oxytocin combination increases the likelihood of vomiting (RR 2.11, 95% CI 1.39 to 3.18, high certainty) and fever (RR 3.14, 95% CI 2.20 to 4.49, moderate certainty). Ergometrine plus oxytocin increases the likelihood of vomiting (RR 2.93, 95% CI 2.08 to 4.13, moderate certainty) and may make little or no difference to the risk of hypertension, however absolute effects varied considerably and the certainty of the evidence was low for this outcome.Subgroup analyses did not reveal important subgroup differences by mode of birth (caesarean versus vaginal birth), setting (hospital versus community), risk of PPH (high versus low risk for PPH), dose of misoprostol (≥ 600 mcg versus < 600 mcg) and regimen of oxytocin (bolus versus bolus plus infusion versus infusion only).

Authors' conclusions: All agents were generally effective for preventing PPH when compared with placebo or no treatment. Ergometrine plus oxytocin combination, carbetocin, and misoprostol plus oxytocin combination may have some additional desirable effects compared with the current standard oxytocin. The two combination regimens, however, are associated with significant side effects. Carbetocin may be more effective than oxytocin for some outcomes without an increase in side effects.

Conflict of interest statement

Ioannis D Gallos (IDG): is a co‐applicant to the UK National Institute for Health Research HTA Project Award 14/139/17 entitled Uterotonic agents for preventing postpartum haemorrhage: a network meta‐analysis and cost‐effectiveness analysis. He has been involved in one or more previous or ongoing trials related to the use of uterotonics for the prevention of PPH that were eligible for inclusion in this review. Ferring Pharmaceuticals and Novartis supplied carbetocin and oxytocin for these studies. IDG did not participate in any decisions regarding these trials (i.e. assessment for inclusion/exclusion, trial quality, data extraction) for the purposes of this review (and will not for future updates) – these tasks were carried out by other members of the team who were not directly involved in the trials.

Argyro Papadopoulou (AP): none known.

Rebecca Man (RM): none known.

Nikolaos Athanasopoulos (NA): none known.

Malcolm J Price (MJP): is a co‐applicant to the UK National Institute for Health Research HTA Project Award 14/139/17 entitled Uterotonic agents for preventing postpartum haemorrhage: a network meta‐analysis and cost‐effectiveness analysis.

Aurelio Tobias: none known.

Myfanwy Williams (MJW): is employed by the University of Liverpool as a Research Associate at Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth. Her role is supported by the World Health Organization.

Virginia Diaz (VD): none known.

Julia Pasquale (JP): none known.

Monica Chamillard (MC): none known.

Mariana Widmer (MW): has been involved in a trial related to the use of uterotonics for the prevention of PPH that is included in this review. Ferring Pharmaceuticals and Novartis supplied carbetocin and oxytocin for the trial and the study is supported by WHO/Merck for Mothers. MW did not participate in any decisions regarding this trial (i.e. assessment for inclusion/exclusion, trial quality, data extraction) for the purposes of this review or future updates – these tasks were carried out by other members of the team who were not directly involved in the trial.

Özge Tunçalp (OT): is a co‐applicant to the UK National Institute for Health Research HTA Project Award 14/139/17 entitled Uterotonic agents for preventing postpartum haemorrhage: a network meta‐analysis and cost‐effectiveness analysis.

G Justus Hofmeyr (GJH): has been and continues to be involved in a number of studies that may be eligible for inclusion in this review, but has not been (and will not participate in) data extraction or quality assessment of the studies in which he was involved. GJH is a co‐investigator on the UK National Institute for Health Research HTA Project Award 14/139/17 entitled Uterotonic agents for preventing postpartum haemorrhage: a network meta‐analysis and cost‐effectiveness analysis. Neither he nor his institution receives funding from this grant.

Fernando Althabe: none known.

A Metin Gulmezoglu (AMG): was part of the central coordination unit of the large World Health Organization multicentre trial comparing carbetocin with oxytocin included in the review. He is a co‐applicant to the UK National Institute for Health Research HTA Project Award 14/139/17 entitled Uterotonic drugs for preventing postpartum haemorrhage: a network meta‐analysis and cost‐effectiveness analysis.

Joshua Vogel (JPV): led the updating of WHO recommendations on uterotonics for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage based on this review.

Olufemi T Oladapo (OTO): led the updating of WHO recommendations on uterotonics for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage based on the findings of this review update.

Arri Coomarasamy (AC): is the Chief Investigator of UK National Institute for Health Research HTA Project Award 14/139/17 entitled Uterotonic agents for preventing postpartum haemorrhage: a network meta‐analysis and cost‐effectiveness analysis. He has been involved in one or more previous or ongoing trials related to the use of uterotonics for the prevention of PPH that were eligible for inclusion in this review. Ferring Pharmaceuticals and Novartis supplied carbetocin and oxytocin for these studies and another study is supported by WHO/Merck for Mothers. AC did not participate in any decisions regarding these trials (i.e. assessment for inclusion/exclusion, trial quality, data extraction) for the purposes of this review or future updates – these tasks have been carried out by other members of the team who were not directly involved in the trials. AC is a member of the Executive Board of Ammalife (UK registered charity 1120236). He does not receive any payment for this relationship.

Figures

Study flow diagram.

'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.

'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.

Network Diagram for PPH ≥ 500 mL. The nodes represent an intervention and their size is proportional to the number of trials comparing this intervention to any other in the network. The lines connecting each pair of interventions represent a direct comparison and are drawn proportional to the number of trials making each direct comparison. Numbers on the lines represent the number of trials and participants for each comparison. The colour of the line is green for high‐certainty evidence; light green for moderate‐certainty evidence; orange for low‐certainty evidence and red for very low‐certainty evidence. Multi‐arm trials contribute to more than one comparison.

Cumulative rankograms comparing each of the uterotonic agents for diarrhoea. Ranking indicates the cumulative probability of being the best agent, the second best, the third best, etc. The x axis shows the relative ranking and the y‐axis the cumulative probability of each ranking.We estimate the SUrface underneath this Cumulative RAnking line (SUCRA); the larger the SUCRA the higher its rank among all available agents.

Forest plot with relative risk ratios and 95% CIs from pairwise, indirect and network (combining direct and indirect) analyses for prevention of PPH ≥ 500 mL.

Cumulative rankograms comparing each of the uterotonic agents for prevention of PPH ≥ 500 mL. Ranking indicates the cumulative probability of being the best agent, the second best, the third best, etc. The x axis shows the relative ranking and the y‐axis the cumulative probability of each ranking.We estimate the SUrface underneath this Cumulative RAnking line (SUCRA); the larger the SUCRA the higher its rank among all available agents.

Network Diagram for PPH ≥ 1000 mL. The nodes represent an intervention and their size is proportional to the number of trials comparing this intervention to any other in the network. The lines connecting each pair of interventions represent a direct comparison and are drawn proportional to the number of trials making each direct comparison. Numbers on the lines represent the number of trials and participants for each comparison. The colour of the line is green for high‐certainty evidence; light green for moderate‐certainty evidence; orange for low‐certainty evidence and red for very low‐certainty evidence. Multi‐arm trials contribute to more than one comparison.

Forest plot with relative risk ratios and 95% CIs from pairwise, indirect and network (combining direct and indirect) analyses for prevention of PPH ≥ 1000 mL.

Cumulative rankograms comparing each of the uterotonic agents for prevention of PPH ≥ 1000 mL. Ranking indicates the cumulative probability of being the best agent, the second best, the third best, etc. The x axis shows the relative ranking and the y‐axis the cumulative probability of each ranking.We estimate the SUrface underneath this Cumulative RAnking line (SUCRA); the larger the SUCRA the higher its rank among all available agents.

Network Diagram for maternal death. The nodes represent an intervention and their size is proportional to the number of trials comparing this intervention to any other in the network. The lines connecting each pair of interventions represent a direct comparison and are drawn proportional to the number of trials making each direct comparison. Numbers on the lines represent the number of trials and participants for each comparison. The colour of the line is green for high‐certainty evidence; light green for moderate‐certainty evidence; orange for low‐certainty evidence and red for very low‐certainty evidence. Multi‐arm trials contribute to more than one comparison.

Forest plot with relative risk ratios and 95% CIs from pairwise, indirect and network (combining direct and indirect) analyses for prevention of maternal death.

Cumulative rankograms comparing each of the uterotonic agents for prevention of maternal death. Ranking indicates the cumulative probability of being the best agent, the second best, the third best, etc. The x axis shows the relative ranking and the y‐axis the cumulative probability of each ranking.We estimate the SUrface underneath this Cumulative RAnking line (SUCRA); the larger the SUCRA the higher its rank among all available agents.

Network Diagram for severe maternal morbidity: intensive care admissions. The nodes represent an intervention and their size is proportional to the number of trials comparing this intervention to any other in the network. The lines connecting each pair of interventions represent a direct comparison and are drawn proportional to the number of trials making each direct comparison. Numbers on the lines represent the number of trials and participants for each comparison. The colour of the line is green for high‐certainty evidence; light green for moderate‐certainty evidence; orange for low‐certainty evidence and red for very low‐certainty evidence. Multi‐arm trials contribute to more than one comparison.

Forest plot with relative risk ratios and 95% CIs from pairwise, indirect and network (combining direct and indirect) analyses for prevention of severe maternal morbidity: intensive care admissions.

Cumulative rankograms comparing each of the uterotonic agents for prevention of severe maternal morbidity: intensive care admissions. Ranking indicates the cumulative probability of being the best agent, the second best, the third best, etc. The x axis shows the relative ranking and the y‐axis the cumulative probability of each ranking. We estimate the SUrface underneath this Cumulative RAnking line (SUCRA); the larger the SUCRA the higher its rank among all available agents.

Network Diagram for additional uterotonics. The nodes represent an intervention and their size is proportional to the number of trials comparing this intervention to any other in the network. The lines connecting each pair of interventions represent a direct comparison and are drawn proportional to the number of trials making each direct comparison. Numbers on the lines represent the number of trials and participants for each comparison. The colour of the line is green for high‐certainty evidence; light green for moderate‐certainty evidence; orange for low‐certainty evidence and red for very low‐certainty evidence. Multi‐arm trials contribute to more than one comparison.

Forest plot with relative risk ratios and 95% CIs from pairwise, indirect and network (combining direct and indirect) analyses for additional uterotonics.

Cumulative rankograms comparing each of the uterotonic agents for additional uterotonics. Ranking indicates the cumulative probability of being the best agent, the second best, the third best, etc. The x axis shows the relative ranking and the y‐axis the cumulative probability of each ranking.We estimate the SUrface underneath this Cumulative RAnking line (SUCRA); the larger the SUCRA the higher its rank among all available agents.

Network Diagram for blood transfusion. The nodes represent an intervention and their size is proportional to the number of trials comparing this intervention to any other in the network. The lines connecting each pair of interventions represent a direct comparison and are drawn proportional to the number of trials making each direct comparison. Numbers on the lines represent the number of trials and participants for each comparison. The colour of the line is green for high‐certainty evidence; light green for moderate‐certainty evidence; orange for low‐certainty evidence and red for very low‐certainty evidence. Multi‐arm trials contribute to more than one comparison.

Forest plot with relative risk ratios and 95% CIs from pairwise, indirect and network (combining direct and indirect) analyses for blood transfusion.

Cumulative rankograms comparing each of the uterotonic agents for blood transfusion. Ranking indicates the cumulative probability of being the best agent, the second best, the third best, etc. The x axis shows the relative ranking and the y‐axis the cumulative probability of each ranking.We estimate the SUrface underneath this Cumulative RAnking line (SUCRA); the larger the SUCRA the higher its rank among all available agents.

Network Diagram for mean blood loss (mL). The nodes represent an intervention and their size is proportional to the number of trials comparing this intervention to any other in the network. The lines connecting each pair of interventions represent a direct comparison and are drawn proportional to the number of trials making each direct comparison. Numbers on the lines represent the number of trials and participants for each comparison. The colour of the line is green for high‐certainty evidence; light green for moderate‐certainty evidence; orange for low‐certainty evidence and red for very low‐certainty evidence. Multi‐arm trials contribute to more than one comparison.

Forest plot with relative risk ratios and 95% CIs from pairwise, indirect and network (combining direct and indirect) analyses for mean blood loss (mL).

Cumulative rankograms comparing each of the uterotonic agents for mean blood loss (mL). Ranking indicates the cumulative probability of being the best, the second best, the third best, etc. The x axis shows the relative ranking and the y‐axis the cumulative probability of each ranking.We estimate the SUrface underneath this Cumulative RAnking line (SUCRA); the larger the SUCRA the higher its rank among all available agents.

Network Diagram for change in haemoglobin measurements before and after birth (g/L). The nodes represent an intervention and their size is proportional to the number of trials comparing this intervention to any other in the network. The lines connecting each pair of interventions represent a direct comparison and are drawn proportional to the number of trials making each direct comparison. Numbers on the lines represent the number of trials and participants for each comparison. The colour of the line is green for high‐certainty evidence; light green for moderate‐certainty evidence; orange for low‐certainty evidence and red for very low‐certainty evidence. Multi‐arm trials contribute to more than one comparison.

Forest plot with relative risk ratios and 95% CIs from pairwise, indirect and network (combining direct and indirect) analyses for change in haemoglobin measurements before and after birth (g/L).

Cumulative rankograms comparing each of the uterotonic s for change in haemoglobin measurements before and after birth (g/L). Ranking indicates the cumulative probability of being the best, the second best, the third best, etc. The x axis shows the relative ranking and the y‐axis the cumulative probability of each ranking.We estimate the SUrface underneath this Cumulative RAnking line (SUCRA); the larger the SUCRA the higher its rank among all available agents.

Network Diagram for breastfeeding at discharge. The nodes represent an intervention and their size is proportional to the number of trials comparing this intervention to any other in the network. The lines connecting each pair of interventions represent a direct comparison and are drawn proportional to the number of trials making each direct comparison. Numbers on the lines represent the number of trials and participants for each comparison. The colour of the line is green for high‐certainty evidence; light green for moderate‐certainty evidence; orange for low‐certainty evidence and red for very low‐certainty evidence. Multi‐arm trials contribute to more than one comparison.

Forest plot with relative risk ratios and 95% CIs from pairwise, indirect and network (combining direct and indirect) analyses for breastfeeding at discharge.

Cumulative rankograms comparing each of the uterotonic agents for breastfeeding at discharge. Ranking indicates the cumulative probability of being the best agent, the second best, the third best, etc. The x axis shows the relative ranking and the y‐axis the cumulative probability of each ranking.We estimate the SUrface underneath this Cumulative RAnking line (SUCRA); the larger the SUCRA the higher its rank among all available agents.

Network Diagram for nausea. The nodes represent an intervention and their size is proportional to the number of trials comparing this intervention to any other in the network. The lines connecting each pair of interventions represent a direct comparison and are drawn proportional to the number of trials making each direct comparison. Numbers on the lines represent the number of trials and participants for each comparison. The colour of the line is green for high‐certainty evidence; light green for moderate‐certainty evidence; orange for low‐certainty evidence and red for very low‐certainty evidence. Multi‐arm trials contribute to more than one comparison.

Forest plot with relative risk ratios and 95% CIs from pairwise, indirect and network (combining direct and indirect) analyses for nausea.

Cumulative rankograms comparing each of the uterotonic agents for nausea. Ranking indicates the cumulative probability of being the best agent, the second best, the third best, etc. The x axis shows the relative ranking and the y‐axis the cumulative probability of each ranking.We estimate the SUrface underneath this Cumulative RAnking line (SUCRA); the larger the SUCRA the higher its rank among all available agents.

Network Diagram for vomiting. The nodes represent an intervention and their size is proportional to the number of trials comparing this intervention to any other in the network. The lines connecting each pair of interventions represent a direct comparison and are drawn proportional to the number of trials making each direct comparison. Numbers on the lines represent the number of trials and participants for each comparison. The colour of the line is green for high‐certainty evidence; light green for moderate‐certainty evidence; orange for low‐certainty evidence and red for very low‐certainty evidence. Multi‐arm trials contribute to more than one comparison.

Forest plot with relative risk ratios and 95% CIs from pairwise, indirect and network (combining direct and indirect) analyses for vomiting.

Cumulative rankograms comparing each of the uterotonic agents for vomiting. Ranking indicates the cumulative probability of being the best agent, the second best, the third best, etc. The x axis shows the relative ranking and the y‐axis the cumulative probability of each ranking.We estimate the SUrface underneath this Cumulative RAnking line (SUCRA); the larger the SUCRA the higher its rank among all available agents.

Network Diagram for hypertension. The nodes represent an intervention and their size is proportional to the number of trials comparing this intervention to any other in the network. The lines connecting each pair of interventions represent a direct comparison and are drawn proportional to the number of trials making each direct comparison. Numbers on the lines represent the number of trials and participants for each comparison. The colour of the line is green for high‐certainty evidence; light green for moderate‐certainty evidence; orange for low‐certainty evidence and red for very low‐certainty evidence. Multi‐arm trials contribute to more than one comparison.

Forest plot with relative risk ratios and 95% CIs from pairwise, indirect and network (combining direct and indirect) analyses for hypertension.

Cumulative rankograms comparing each of the uterotonic agents for hypertension. Ranking indicates the cumulative probability of being the best agent, the second best, the third best, etc. The x axis shows the relative ranking and the y‐axis the cumulative probability of each ranking.We estimate the SUrface underneath this Cumulative RAnking line (SUCRA); the larger the SUCRA the higher its rank among all available agents.

Network Diagram for headache. The nodes represent an intervention and their size is proportional to the number of trials comparing this intervention to any other in the network. The lines connecting each pair of interventions represent a direct comparison and are drawn proportional to the number of trials making each direct comparison. Numbers on the lines represent the number of trials and participants for each comparison. The colour of the line is green for high‐certainty evidence; light green for moderate‐certainty evidence; orange for low‐certainty evidence and red for very low‐certainty evidence. Multi‐arm trials contribute to more than one comparison.

Forest plot with relative risk ratios and 95% CIs from pairwise, indirect and network (combining direct and indirect) analyses for headache.

Cumulative rankograms comparing each of the uterotonic agents for headache. Ranking indicates the cumulative probability of being the best agent, the second best, the third best, etc. The x axis shows the relative ranking and the y‐axis the cumulative probability of each ranking.We estimate the SUrface underneath this Cumulative RAnking line (SUCRA); the larger the SUCRA the higher its rank among all available agents.

Network Diagram for fever. The nodes represent an intervention and their size is proportional to the number of trials comparing this intervention to any other in the network. The lines connecting each pair of interventions represent a direct comparison and are drawn proportional to the number of trials making each direct comparison. Numbers on the lines represent the number of trials and participants for each comparison. The colour of the line is green for high‐certainty evidence; light green for moderate‐certainty evidence; orange for low‐certainty evidence and red for very low‐certainty evidence. Multi‐arm trials contribute to more than one comparison.

Forest plot with relative risk ratios and 95% CIs from pairwise, indirect and network (combining direct and indirect) analyses for fever.

Cumulative rankograms comparing each of the uterotonic agents for fever. Ranking indicates the cumulative probability of being the best agent, the second best, the third best, etc. The x axis shows the relative ranking and the y‐axis the cumulative probability of each ranking.We estimate the SUrface underneath this Cumulative RAnking line (SUCRA); the larger the SUCRA the higher its rank among all available agents.

Network Diagram for shivering. The nodes represent an intervention and their size is proportional to the number of trials comparing this intervention to any other in the network. The lines connecting each pair of interventions represent a direct comparison and are drawn proportional to the number of trials making each direct comparison. Numbers on the lines represent the number of trials and participants for each comparison. The colour of the line is green for high‐certainty evidence; light green for moderate‐certainty evidence; orange for low‐certainty evidence and red for very low‐certainty evidence. Multi‐arm trials contribute to more than one comparison.

Forest plot with relative risk ratios and 95% CIs from pairwise, indirect and network (combining direct and indirect) analyses for shivering.

Cumulative rankograms comparing each of the uterotonic agents for shivering. Ranking indicates the cumulative probability of being the best agent, the second best, the third best, etc. The x axis shows the relative ranking and the y‐axis the cumulative probability of each ranking.We estimate the SUrface underneath this Cumulative RAnking line (SUCRA); the larger the SUCRA the higher its rank among all available agents.

Network Diagram for abdominal pain. The nodes represent an intervention and their size is proportional to the number of trials comparing this intervention to any other in the network. The lines connecting each pair of interventions represent a direct comparison and are drawn proportional to the number of trials making each direct comparison. Numbers on the lines represent the number of trials and participants for each comparison. The colour of the line is green for high‐certainty evidence; light green for moderate‐certainty evidence; orange for low‐certainty evidence and red for very low‐certainty evidence. Multi‐arm trials contribute to more than one comparison.

Forest plot with relative risk ratios and 95% CIs from pairwise, indirect and network (combining direct and indirect) analyses for abdominal pain.

Cumulative rankograms comparing each of the uterotonic agents for abdominal pain. Ranking indicates the cumulative probability of being the best agent, the second best, the third best, etc. The x axis shows the relative ranking and the y‐axis the cumulative probability of each ranking.We estimate the SUrface underneath this Cumulative RAnking line (SUCRA); the larger the SUCRA the higher its rank among all available agents.

Network Diagram for diarrhoea. The nodes represent an intervention and their size is proportional to the number of trials comparing this intervention to any other in the network. The lines connecting each pair of interventions represent a direct comparison and are drawn proportional to the number of trials making each direct comparison. Numbers on the lines represent the number of trials and participants for each comparison. The colour of the line is green for high‐certainty evidence; light green for moderate‐certainty evidence; orange for low‐certainty evidence and red for very low‐certainty evidence. Multi‐arm trials contribute to more than one comparison.

Forest plot with relative risk ratios and 95% CIs from pairwise, indirect and network (combining direct and indirect) analyses for diarrhoea.

Update of

• Uterotonic agents for preventing postpartum haemorrhage: a network meta-analysis.

  Gallos ID, Williams HM, Price MJ, Merriel A, Gee H, Lissauer D, Moorthy V, Tobias A, Deeks JJ, Widmer M, Tunçalp Ö, Gülmezoglu AM, Hofmeyr GJ, Coomarasamy A. Gallos ID, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Apr 25;4(4):CD011689. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011689.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018. PMID: 29693726 Free PMC article. Updated. Review.

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  Westhoff G, Cotter AM, Tolosa JE. Westhoff G, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Oct 30;(10):CD001808. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001808.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013. PMID: 24173606 Updated. Review.

Cited by

• Vaginal Birth at Term - Part 2. Guideline of the DGGG, OEGGG and SGGG (S3-Level, AWMF Registry No. 015/083, December 2020).

  Abou-Dakn M, Schäfers R, Peterwerth N, Asmushen K, Bässler-Weber S, Boes U, Bosch A, Ehm D, Fischer T, Greening M, Hartmann K, Heller G, Kapp C, von Kaisenberg C, Kayer B, Kranke P, Lawrenz B, Louwen F, Loytved C, Lütje W, Mattern E, Nielsen R, Reister F, Schlösser R, Schwarz C, Stephan V, Kalberer BS, Valet A, Wenk M, Kehl S. Abou-Dakn M, et al. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 2022 Nov 3;82(11):1194-1248. doi: 10.1055/a-1904-6769. eCollection 2022 Nov. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 2022. PMID: 36339632 Free PMC article.

• Intravenous Carbetocin Versus Rectal Misoprostol for the Active Management of the Third Stage of Labor: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

  Albazee E, Alrashidi H, Laqwer R, Elmokid SR, Alghamdi WA, Almahmood H, AlGhareeb M, Alfertaj N, Alkandari DI, AlDabbous F, Alkanderi J, Al-Jundy H, Abu-Zaid A, Alomar O. Albazee E, et al. Cureus. 2022 Oct 12;14(10):e30229. doi: 10.7759/cureus.30229. eCollection 2022 Oct. Cureus. 2022. PMID: 36246091 Free PMC article. Review.

• Predictors of time to recovery from postpartum hemorrhage in Debre Markos comprehensive specialized hospital, Northwest, Ethiopia, 2020/21.

  Kassie B, Ahmed B, Degu G. Kassie B, et al. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2022 Jun 17;22(1):498. doi: 10.1186/s12884-022-04834-5. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2022. PMID: 35715769 Free PMC article.

• Promptness of oxytocin administration for first-line treatment of postpartum hemorrhage: a national vignette-based study among midwives.

  Voillequin S, Rozenberg P, Ravaud P, Rousseau A. Voillequin S, et al. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2022 Apr 23;22(1):353. doi: 10.1186/s12884-022-04648-5. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2022. PMID: 35461215 Free PMC article.

• Implementing Heat-Stable Carbetocin for Postpartum Haemorrhage Prevention in Low-Resource Settings: A Rapid Scoping Review.

  Tran NT, Bar-Zeev S, Zeck W, Schulte-Hillen C. Tran NT, et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Mar 22;19(7):3765. doi: 10.3390/ijerph29073765. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022. PMID: 35409454 Free PMC article. Review.

References

References to studies included in this review

Abdel‐Aleem 1993 {published data only}

1. 1. Abdel‐Aleem H, Abol‐Oyoun EM, Moustafa SA, Kamel HS, Abdel‐Wahab HA. Carboprost trometamol in the management of the third stage of labor. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1993;42:247‐50. - PubMed

Abdel‐Aleem 2010 {published data only}

1. 1. Abdel‐Aleem H, Singata M, Abdel‐Aleem M, Mshweshwe N, Williams X, Hofmeyr GJ. Uterine massage to reduce postpartum hemorrhage after vaginal delivery. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2010;111(1):32‐6. - PubMed

Acharya 2001 {published data only}

1. 1. Acharya G, Al‐Sammarai MT, Patel N, Al‐Habib A, Kiserud T. A randomized, controlled trial comparing effect of oral misoprostol and intravenous syntocinon on intra‐operative blood loss during cesarean section. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 2001;80(3):245‐50. - PubMed

Adanikin 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Adanikin AI, Orji EO, Adanikin PO, Olaniyan O. Comparative study of rectal misoprostol to oxytocin infusion in preventing postpartum haemorrhage post‐caesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2012;119(Suppl 3):S825.
2. 1. Adanikin AI, Orji EO, Fasubaa OB, Onwudiegwu U, Ijarotimi OA, Olaniyan O. The effect of post‐cesarean rectal misoprostol on intestinal motility. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2012;119(2):159‐62. - PubMed
3. 1. Orji EO, Adanikin AI. Prospective randomised double blind study on the effect of post‐caesarean rectal misoprostol on intestinal motility. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2012;119(Suppl 3):S446‐S447. - PubMed
4. 1. Orji EO, Adanikin AO. The effect of post‐caesarean rectal misoprostol on intestinal motility. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2013;120(Suppl s1):21. - PubMed

Adanikin 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Adanikin AI, Orji E, Adanikin PO, Olaniyan O. Comparative study of rectal misoprostol to oxytocin infusion in preventing postpartum haemorrhage after caesarean section. Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2013;8(2):34‐7.

Afolabi 2010 {published data only}

1. 1. Afolabi EO, Kuti O, Orji EO, Ogunniyi SO. Oral misoprostol versus intramuscular oxytocin in the active management of the third stage of labour. Singapore Medical Journal 2010;51(3):207‐11. - PubMed

Ahmed 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Ahmed WA, Ibrahim ZM, Mostafa I, Kishk EA, Elbahie MA. Safety and efficacy of carbetocin in hypertensive pregnant women undergoing cesarean delivery. Journal of Maternal‐Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2014;27(Suppl 1):49.

Al‐Sawaf 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Al‐Sawaf A, El‐Mazny A, Shohayeb A. A randomised controlled trial of sublingual misoprostol and intramuscular oxytocin for prevention of postpartum haemorrhage. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2013;33(3):277‐9. - PubMed

Alwani 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Alwani M, Singh S, Thakur R, Mishra S. A randomized study comparing rectally administered misoprostol after spinal anesthesia versus intramuscular oxytocin for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in caesarean section. International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 2014;3(3):512‐5.

Amant 1999 {published data only}

1. 1. Amant F, Spitz B, Timmerman D, Corresmans A, Assche FA. Misoprostol compared with methylergometrine for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage: a double‐blind randomised trial. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1999;106:1066‐70. - PubMed

Amin 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Amin N. Prophylactic use of misoprostol in management of third stage of labour and prevention of atonic uterus. Journal of Postgraduate Medical Institute 2014;28(2):196‐200.

Askar 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Askar AA, Ismail MT, El‐Ezz AA, Rabie NH. Carbetocin versus syntometrine in the management of third stage of labor following vaginal delivery. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2011;284(6):1359‐65. - PubMed

Asmat 2017 {published data only}

1. 1. Asmat R, Ashraf T, Asmat F, Asmat S, Asmat N. Effectiveness of per rectal misoprostol versus intramuscular oxytocin for prevention of primary postpartum haemorrhage. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan 2017;27(1):13‐7. - PubMed

Attilakos 2010 {published data only}

1. 1. Attilakos G, Psaroudakis D, Ash J, Buchanan R, Winter C, Donald F, et al. Can a new oxytocin analogue reduce the need for additional oxytocics after caesarean section? The results of a double‐blind randomised trial. Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition 2008;93(Suppl 1):Fa51.
2. 1. Attilakos G, Psaroudakis D, Ash J, Buchanan R, Winter C, Donald F, et al. Carbetocin versus oxytocin for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage following caesarean section: the results of a double‐blind randomised trial. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2010;117(8):929‐36. - PubMed
3. 1. Attilakos G, Psaroudakis D, Ash J, Buchanan R, Winter C, Donald F, et al. The haemodynamic effects of oxytocin and carbetocin following caesarean section: the results of a double‐blind randomised study. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2008;115(s1):140‐1. - PubMed
4. 1. Attilakos G, Psaroudakis D, Ash J, Buchanen R, Winter C, Draycott T. Low recruitment rate for a drug trial in obstetrics: an effect of the publicity following the TGN1412 clinical trial at the PAREXEL Research Unit in Northwick Park Hospital? [abstract]. 31st British International Congress of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; 2007 July 4‐6; London, UK. 2007:110.

Atukunda 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Atukunda EC, Siedner MJ, Obua C, Mugyenyi GR, Twagirumukiza M, Agaba AG. Sublingual misoprostol versus intramuscular oxytocin for prevention of post‐partum haemorrhage in Uganda: a randomised, controlled, non‐inferiority trial. Lancet 2014;384(Suppl 1):S3. - PMC - PubMed
2. 1. Atukunda EC, Siedner MJ, Obua C, Mugyenyi GR, Twagirumukiza M, Agaba AG. Sublingual misoprostol versus intramuscular oxytocin for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in Uganda: a double‐blind randomized non‐inferiority trial. PLOS Medicine 2014;11(11):e1001752. - PMC - PubMed

Badejoko 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Badejoko OO, Ijarotimi AO, Awowole IO, Loto OM, Badejoko BO, Olaiya DS, et al. Adjunctive rectal misoprostol versus oxytocin infusion for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in women at risk: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2012;38(11):1294‐301. - PubMed

Balki 2008 {published data only}

1. 1. Balki M, Dhumne S, Kasodekar S, Kingdom J, Windrim R, Carvalho JC. Oxytocin‐ergometrine co‐administration does not reduce blood loss at caesarean delivery for labour arrest. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2008;115(5):579‐84. - PubMed

Bamigboye 1998a {published data only}

1. 1. Bamigboye AA, Hofmeyr GJ, Merrell DA. Rectal misoprostol in the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage: a placebo controlled trial. Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Priorities in Perinatal Care; 1998; South Africa. 1998:49‐52. - PubMed
2. 1. Bamigboye AA, Hofmeyr GJ, Merrell DA. Rectal misoprostol in the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage: a placebo‐controlled trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1998;179(4):1043‐6. - PubMed

Bamigboye 1998b {published data only}

1. 1. Bamigboye AA, Merrell DA, Hofmeyr GJ, Mitchell R. Randomized comparison of rectal misoprostol with syntometrine for management of third stage of labor. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1998;77:178‐81. - PubMed

Barton 1996 {published data only}

1. 1. Barton SR, Jackson A. The safety and efficiency of carbetocin to control uterine bleeding following caesarean section. Prenatal and Neonatal Medicine 1996;1(Suppl 1):185.

Baskett 2007 {published data only}

1. 1. Baskett TF, Persad V, Clough H, Young D. Prophylactic use of misoprostol in the third stage of labor [abstract]. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2005;105(4 Suppl):39S.
2. 1. Baskett TF, Persad VL, Clough HJ, Young DC. Misoprostol versus oxytocin for the reduction of postpartum blood loss. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2007;97(1):2‐5. - PubMed
3. 1. Chandra S, Persad V, Young D, Baskett T. A preliminary study of cutaneous blood flow associated with postpartum use of oral misoprostol. Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology Canada: JOGC 2004;26(12):1073‐6. - PubMed

Begley 1990 {published data only}

1. 1. Begley CM. Comparative studies in the third stage of labour [MSc thesis]. Dublin: Trinity College, University of Dublin, 1990.
2. 1. Begley CM. A comparison of 'active' and 'physiological' management of the third stage of labour. Midwifery 1990;6:3‐17. - PubMed
3. 1. Begley CM. The effect of ergometrine on breast feeding. Midwifery 1990;6:60‐72. - PubMed

Begum 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Begum T, Yeasmin S, Chakma S. Sublingual misoprostol versus oxitocin infusion to reduce blood loss in caesarean section. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2015;122(Suppl S1):258.

Bellad 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Bellad M, Ganachari TD, Mallapur M. Sublingual (SL) powdered misoprostol (400 mcg) vs IM oxytocin (10 IU) for prevention of postpartum blood loss ‐ a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2009;107(Suppl 2):S124‐5.
2. 1. Bellad MB, Tara D, Ganachari MS, Mallapur MD, Goudar SS, Kodkany BS, et al. Prevention of postpartum haemorrhage with sublingual misoprostol or oxytocin: a double‐blind randomised controlled trial. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2012;119(8):975‐86. - PubMed

Benchimol 2001 {published data only}

1. 1. Benchimol M, Gondry J, Mention JE, Gagneur O, Boulanger JC. Role of misoprostol in the delivery outcome. [French] [Place du misoprostol dans la direction de la delivrance.]. Journal de Gynecologie, Obstetrique et Biologie de la Reproduction 2001;30(6):576‐83. - PubMed

Bhatti 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Bhatti K, Mahar T, Hafeez R, Shoaib‐u‐Nisa. A randomized controlled trial on prevention of postpartum haemorrhage with sublingual misoprostol or oxytocin. Medical Forum Monthly 2014;25(1):10‐2.

Bhullar 2004 {published data only}

1. 1. Bhullar A, Carlan SJ, Hamm J, Lamberty N, White L, Richichi K. Buccal misoprostol to decrease blood loss after vaginal delivery: a randomized trial. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2004;104(6):1282‐8. - PubMed

Biswas 2007 {published data only}

1. 1. Biswas A, Bal R, Kundu MK, Kyal A, Halder M. A study of prophylactic use of 15‐methyl prostaglandin f2alpha in the active management of third stage of labour. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2007;105(9):506‐9. - PubMed

Borruto 2009 {published data only}

1. 1. Borruto F, Treisser A, Comparetto C. Utilization of carbetocin for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage after cesarean section: a randomized clinical trial. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2009;280(5):707‐12. - PubMed

Boucher 1998 {published data only}

1. 1. Boucher M, Horbay GL, Griffin P, Deschamps Y, Desjardins C, Schulz M, et al. Double‐blind, randomized comparison of the effect of carbetocin and oxytocin on intraoperative blood loss and uterine tone of patients undergoing cesarean section. Journal of Perinatology 1998;18(3):202‐7. - PubMed

Boucher 2004 {published data only}

1. 1. Boucher M, Nimrod C, Tawagi G. Carbetocin IM injection vs oxytocin IV infusion for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in women at risk following vaginal delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2001;185(6 Pt 2):Abstract no: 494.
2. 1. Boucher M, Nimrod CA, Tawagi GF, Meeker TA, Rennicks White RE, Varin J. Comparison of carbetocin and oxytocin for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage following vaginal delivery:a double‐blind randomized trial. Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology Canada: JOGC 2004;26(5):481‐8. - PubMed

Bugalho 2001 {published data only}

1. 1. Bugalho A, Daniel A, Foundes A, Cunha M. Misoprostol for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2001;73:1‐6. - PubMed

Butwick 2010 {published data only}

1. 1. Butwick AJ, Coleman L, Cohen SE, Riley ET, Carvalho B. A study of the minimum effective dose of oxytocin in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. American Society of Anaesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2009 Oct 17‐21; New Orleans, USA. 2009.
2. 1. Butwick AJ, Coleman L, Cohen SE, Riley ET, Carvalho B. Minimum effective bolus dose of oxytocin during elective caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2010;104(3):338‐43. - PubMed

Caliskan 2002 {published data only}

1. 1. Caliskan E, Meydanli M, Dilbaz B, Aykan B, Sonmezer M, Haberal A. Is rectal misoprostol really effective in the treatment of third stage of labor? A randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2002;187:1038‐45. - PubMed

Caliskan 2003 {published data only}

1. 1. Caliskan E, Dilbaz B, Meydanli MM, Ozturk N, Narin MA, Haberal A. Oral misoprostol for the third stage of labor: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2003;101(5 Pt 1):921‐8. - PubMed

Carbonell 2009 {published data only}

1. 1. Carbonell i Esteve JL, Hernandez JM, Piloto M, Setien SA, Texido CS, Tomasi G, et al. Active management of the third phase of labour plus 400 mug of sublingual misoprostol and 200 mug of rectal misoprostol versus active management only in the prevention of post‐partum haemorrhage. A randomised clinical trial [Manejo activo de la tercera fase del parto mas 400 mug de misoprostol sublingual y 200 mug de misoprostol rectal frente a manejo activo solo en la prevencion de la hemorragia posparto. Ensayo clinico aleatorizado]. Progresos de Obstetricia y Ginecologia 2009;52(10):543‐51.

Carrillo‐Gaucin 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Carrillo‐Gaucin S, Torres‐Gomez LG. Carbetocin and oxytocin: prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in patients with risk factors for uterine atony [Carbetocina y oxitocina: prevención de hemorragia posparto en pacientes con factores de riesgo para atonía uterina]. Revista Médica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social 2016;54 Suppl 3:S284‐90. - PubMed

Cayan 2010 {published data only}

1. 1. Cayan F, Doruk A, Sungur MA, Dilek S. Comparison of the different dosages of rectal misoprostol on I=intestinal motility and pain score in high risk cesarean delivery. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences 2010;30(4):1154‐9.

Chalermpolprapa 2010 {published data only}

1. 1. Chalermpolprapa V. Efficacy of sublingual misoprostol in prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in cesarean section: A randomized double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled trial. Region 4‐5 Medical Journal 2010;29(3):325‐35.

Chandhiok 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. Chandhiok N, Dhillon BS, Datey S, Mathur A, Saxena NC. Oral misoprostol for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage by paramedical workers in India. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2006;92(2):170‐5. - PubMed

Chaudhuri 2010 {published data only}

1. 1. Chaudhuri P, Banerjee GB, Mandal A. Rectally administered misoprostol versus intravenous oxytocin infusion during cesarean delivery to reduce intraoperative and postoperative blood loss. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2010;109(1):25‐9. - PubMed

Chaudhuri 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Chaudhuri P, Biswas J, Mandal A. Sublingual misoprostol versus intramuscular oxytocin for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in low‐risk women. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2012;116(2):138‐42. - PubMed

Chaudhuri 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Chaudhuri P, Majumdar A. Sublingual misoprostol as an adjunct to oxytocin during cesarean delivery in women at risk of postpartum hemorrhage. International Journal of Gynaecology & Obstetrics 2015;128:48‐52. - PubMed

Chaudhuri 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Chaudhuri P, Majumdar A. A randomized trial of sublingual misoprostol to augment routine third‐stage management among women at risk of postpartum hemorrhage. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2016;132:191‐5. - PubMed

Chhabra 2008 {published data only}

1. 1. Chhabra S, Tickoo C. Low‐dose sublingual misoprostol versus methylergometrine for active management of the third stage of labor. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2008;34(5):820‐3. - PubMed

Choy 2002 {published data only}

1. 1. Choy CM, Lau WC, Tam WH, Yuen PM. A randomised controlled trial of intramuscular syntometrine and intravenous oxytocin in the management of the third stage of labour. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2002;109:173‐7. - PubMed

Chua 1995 {published data only}

1. 1. Chua S, Chew SL, Yeoh CL, Roy AC, Ho LM, Selamat N, et al. A randomized controlled study of prostaglandin 15‐Methyl F2 alpha compared with syntometrine for prophylactic use in the third stage of labour. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1995;35:413‐6. - PubMed

Cook 1999 {published data only}

1. 1. Cook CM, Spurrett B, Murray H. A randomized clinical trial comparing oral misoprostol with synthetic oxytocin or syntometrine in the third stage of labour. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1999;39(4):414‐9. - PubMed

Dabbaghi Gale 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Dabbaghi Gale T, Elmizadeh KH, Moradi SD, Rashvand Melli E. Comparison of intravenous oxytocin and oral misoprostol in reduction of postpartum hemorrhage. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2012;20(81):1‐8.

Dansereau 1999 {published data only}

1. 1. Dansereau J. Comparison of carbetocin vs. oxytocin in prevention of uterine atony post cesarean section. Prenatal and Neonatal Medicine 1996;1(Suppl 1):80.
2. 1. Dansereau J, Gambling D, Joshi A, Helewa M, Doran T, Lange I, et al. Double‐blind comparison of carbetocin vs oxytocin in preventing uterine atony post cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1994;46 Suppl:77.
3. 1. Dansereau J, Joshi AK, Helewa ME, Doran TA, Lange IR, Luther ER, et al. Double blind comparison of carbetocin versus oxytocin in prevention of uterine atony after cesarean section. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1999;18(3 Pt 1):670‐6. - PubMed
4. 1. Dansereau J, Joshi AK, Helewa ME, Doran TA, Lange IR, Luther ER, et al. Double‐blind comparison of carbetocin vs oxytocin in preventing uterine atony post cesarean section. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 1996;69:37. - PubMed
5. 1. Gambling D, Dansereau J, Schulz M, Horbay GL, Waasenaar W. Double‐blind, randomized comparison of a single dose of carbetocin vs 8 hours oxytocin infusion after cesarean delivery: safety data. A Canadian multi‐center trial [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994;3:113‐4.

Dasuki 2002 {published data only}

1. 1. Dasuki D, Emilia O, Harini S. Randomized clinical trial: the effectiveness of oral misoprostol versus oxytocin in prevention of postpartum hemorrhage [abstract]. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2002;28(1):46.

de Groot 1996 {published data only}

1. 1. Groot AN, Roosmalen J, Dongen PWJ, Borm GF. A placebo‐controlled trial of oral ergometrine to reduce postpartum hemorrhage. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1996;75:464‐8. - PubMed

Del Angel‐Garcia 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. Angel‐Garcia G, Garcia‐Contreras F, Constantino‐Casas P, Nevarez‐Sida A, Lopez‐Gonzalez N, Garcia‐Constantino M, et al. Economic evaluation of carbetocin for the prevention of uterine atony in patients with risk factors in Mexico. Value in Health 2006;9(6):A254.

Derman 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. Derman RJ, Kodkany BS, Goudar SS, Geller SE, Naik VA, Bellad MB, et al. Oral misoprostol in preventing postpartum haemorrhage in resource‐poor communities: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006;368(9543):1248‐53. - PubMed
2. 1. Geller SE, Goudar SS, Adams MG, Naik VA, Patel A, Bellad MB, et al. Factors associated with acute postpartum hemorrhage in low‐risk women delivering in rural India. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2008;101(1):94‐9. - PMC - PubMed
3. 1. Geller SE, Patel A, Niak VA, Goudar SS, Edlavitch SA, Kodkany BS, et al. Conducting international collaborative research in developing nations. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2004;87(3):267‐71. - PubMed
4. 1. Goudar SS, Chakraborty H, Edlavitch SA, Naik VA, Bellad MB, Patted SS, et al. Variation in the postpartum hemorrhage rate in a clinical trial of oral misoprostol. Journal of Maternal‐Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2008;21(8):559‐64. - PubMed
5. 1. Kodkany BS, Derman RJ, Goudar SS, Geller SE, Edlavitch SA, Naik VA, et al. Initiating a novel therapy in preventing postpartum hemorrhage in rural India: a joint collaboration between the United States and India. International Journal of Fertility & Womens Medicine 2004;49(2):91‐6. - PubMed

Dhananjaya 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Dhananjaya BS, Charishma S. Comparative study of efficacy and safety of intramuscular oxytocin with intramuscular methylergometrine in the active management of third stage of labour. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences 2014;5(3):734‐9.

Diallo 2017 {published data only}

1. 1. Diallo M, Sylla T, Diouf AA, Moreira PM, Gassama O, Gueye MD, et al. Active management of third stage of labour with low doses of oral misoprostol and oxytocin on low: risk parturient in a Sub‐Saharan hospital, Dakar, Sénégal. International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 2017;6(2):516‐22.
2. 1. Vlassoff M, Diallo A, Philbin J, Kost K, Bankole A. Cost‐effectiveness of two interventions for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in Senegal. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2016;133(3):307‐11. - PMC - PubMed

Diop 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Diop A, Daff B, Sow M, Blum J, Diagne M, Sloan NL, et al. Oxytocin via Uniject (a prefilled single‐use injection) versus oral misoprostol for prevention of postpartum haemorrhage at the community level: a cluster‐randomised controlled trial. Lancet. Global Health 2016;4(1):e37‐44. - PubMed
2. 1. NCT01713153. Comparing misoprostol and oxytocin in uniject for postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) prevention in Senegal. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01713153 (first received: 22 October 2012).

Docherty 1981 {published data only}

1. 1. Docherty PW, Hooper M. Choice of an oxytocic agent for routine use at delivery. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1981;2:60.

Dutta 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Dutta BK, Gupta KR. A comparative study on rectal misoprostol versus intramuscular oxytocin to prevent postpartum haemorrhage. New Indian Journal of OBGYN 2016;2(2):98‐103.

Eftekhari 2009 {published data only}

1. 1. Eftekhari N, Doroodian M, Lashkarizadeh R. The effect of sublingual misoprostol versus intravenous oxytocin in reducing bleeding after caesarean section. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2009;29(7):633‐6. - PubMed

El Behery 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Behery MM, Sayed GA, Hameed AA, Soliman BS, Abdelsalam WA, Bahaa A. Carbetocin versus oxytocin for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in obese nulliparous women undergoing emergency cesarean delivery. Journal of Maternal‐Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2015:1‐4. - PubMed

Elbohoty 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Elbohoty AE, Mohammed WE, Sweed M, Eldin AM, Nabhan A, Abd‐El‐Maeboud KH. Randomized controlled trial comparing carbetocin, misoprostol, and oxytocin for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage following an elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2016;134(3):324‐8. - PubMed

Elgafor El Sharkwy 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Elgafor El Sharkwy IA. Carbetocin versus sublingual misoprostol plus oxytocin infusion for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage at cesarean section in patients with risk factors: a randomized, open trail study. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2013;288(6):1231‐6. - PubMed

El‐Refaey 2000 {published data only}

1. 1. El‐Refaey H, Nooh R, O'Brien P, Abdalla M, Geary M, Walder J, et al. The misoprostol third stage of labour study: a randomised controlled comparison between orally administered misoprostol and standard management. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2000;107:1104‐10. - PubMed

Elsedeek 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Elsedeek MS. Impact of preoperative rectal misoprostol on blood loss during and after elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2012;118(2):149‐52. - PubMed

El Tahan 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Tahan MR, Warda OM, Rashad A, Yasseen AM, Ramzy EA, Ahmady MS, et al. Effects of preoperative sublingual misoprostol on uterine tone during isoflurane anesthesia for cesarean section. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2012;62(5):625‐35. - PubMed

Enakpene 2007 {published data only}

1. 1. Enakpene CA, Morhason‐Bello IO, Enakpene EO, Arowojolu AO, Omigbodun AO. Oral misoprostol for the prevention of primary post‐partum hemorrhage during third stage of labor. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2007;33(6):810‐7. - PubMed

Ezeama 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Ezeama CO, Eleje GU, Ezeama NN, Igwegbe AO, Ikechebelu JI, Ugboaja JO, et al. A comparison of prophylactic intramuscular ergometrine and oxytocin for women in the third stage of labor. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2014;124(1):67‐71. - PubMed

Fahmy 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Fahmy AA, Fawzy M. Oxytocin infusion after oxytocin bolus and carbetocin bolus to reduce blood loss during and after cesarean section ‐ a randomized clinical trial. Medical Journal of Cairo University 2015;83(1):79‐83.

Fahmy 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Fahmy NG, Yousef HM, Zaki HV. Comparative study between effect of carbetocin and oxytocin on isoflurane‐induced uterine hypotonia in twin pregnancy patients undergoing cesarean section. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2016;32(1):117‐21.

Fakour 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Fakour F, Mirzayi M, Reza Naghipour M, Ebrahimi H, Mahdavi M. Comparison between sublingual misoprostol and intravenous oxytocin in management of third stage of labor. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;15(34):7‐14.

Fararjeh 2003 {published data only}

1. 1. Fararjeh C, Gezer A, Cepni I, Benian A, Ocal P, Kosebay D. The efficacy of misoprostol in preventing postpartum bleeding [Postpartum Kanama Profilaksisinde Rektal Mizoprostol Kulanımının Etkinliği.]. Jinekoloji ve Obstetrik Dergisi 2003;17(4):218‐23.

Fawole 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Fawole AO, Sotiloye OS, Hunyinbo KI, Umezulike AC, Okunlola MA, Adekanle DA, et al. A double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial of misoprostol and routine uterotonics for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2011;112(2):107‐11. - PubMed

Fawzy 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Fawzy AE, Swelem M, Abdelrehim AI, Titeli S, Elghazal ZS, El‐Gahwagi MM, et al. Active management of third stage of labor by intravenous ergometrine and rectal versus sublingual misoprostol (a double‐center study). Alexandria Journal of Medicine 2012;48(4):381‐5.

Fazel 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Fazel MR, Mansoure‐Samimi, Esmaeil‐Fakharian. A comparison of rectal misoprostol and intravenous oxytocin on hemorrhage and homeostatic changes during cesarean section. Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology 2013;22(1):41‐6. - PubMed

Fekih 2009 {published data only}

1. 1. Fekih M, Jnifene A, Fathallah K, Ben Regaya L, Memmi A, Bouguizene S, et al. Benefit of misoprostol for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in cesarean section: a randomized controlled trial. Journal de Gynecologie, Obstetrique et Biologie de la Reproduction 2009;38(7):588‐93. - PubMed

Fenix 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Fenix AM. Double‐blind randomized controlled trial comparing the effect of carbetocin with oxytocin for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage among high risk women following vaginal delivery. International Journal of Gynaecology & Obstetrics 2012;119(Suppl 3):S347‐S348.

Fu 2003 {published data only}

1. 1. Fu YX, Ran KQ, Wang M. Prevention of early postpartum hemorrhage by way of oral misoprostol. Journal of Nursing Science 2003;18(12):910‐1.

Fuks 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Fuks AM, Khanna P, Yusaf T, Aslian A, Kowalska D, Salafia CM. Use of prophylactic misoprostol in reduction of blood loss at vaginal delivery. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2014;123(5 Suppl):144S‐5S.

Garg 2005 {published data only}

1. 1. Garg P, Batra S, Gandhi G. Oral misoprostol versus injectable methylergometrine in management of the third stage of labor. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2005;91(2):160‐1. - PubMed

Gavilanes 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Gavilanes P, Morales MF, Velasco S, Teran E. Sublingual misoprostol is as effective as intravenous oxytocin to reduce intra‐operative blood loss during cesarean delivery in women living at high altitude. Journal of Maternal‐Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2016;29(4):559‐61. - PubMed

Gerstenfeld 2001 {published data only}

1. 1. Gerstenfeld TS, Wing DA. Rectal misoprostol versus intravenous oxytocin for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage after vaginal delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2001;185:878‐82. - PubMed

Gore 2017 {published data only}

1. 1. Gore S, Padmawar A, Pathan SK. A prospective randomized controlled trial for comparison of oral misoprostol with methyl ergometrine in the third stage of labour for prevention of post‐partum haemorrhage. International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 2017;6(7):2825‐8.

Gulmezoglu 2001 {published data only}

1. 1. Gulmezoglu AM, Villar J, Ngoc NT, Piaggio G, Carroli G, Adetoro L, et al. WHO multicentre randomised trial of misoprostol in the management of the third stage of labour. Lancet 2001;358:689‐95. - PubMed
2. 1. Lumbiganon P, Hofmeyr J, Gulmezoglu AM, Pinol A, Villar J. Misoprostol dose‐related shivering and pyrexia in the third stage of labour Who collaborative trial of misoprostol in the management of the third stage of labour. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1999;106(4):304‐8. - PubMed
3. 1. Lumbiganon P, Villar J, Piaggio G, Gulmezoglu AM, Adetoro L, Carroli G. Side effects of oral misoprostol during the first 24 hours after administration in the third stage of labour. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2002;109:1222‐6. - PubMed

Gupta 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. Gupta B, Jain V, Aggarwal N. Rectal misoprostol versus oxytocin in the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage ‐ a pilot study. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2006;94(Suppl 2):S139‐S140. - PubMed

Hamm 2005 {published data only}

1. 1. Hamm J, Russell Z, Botha T, Carlan SJ, Richichi K. Buccal misoprostol to prevent hemorrhage at cesarean delivery: a randomized study. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2005;192:1404‐6. - PubMed

Harriott 2009 {published data only}

1. 1. Harriott J, Christie L, Wynter S, DaCosta V, Fletcher H, Reid M. A randomized comparison of rectal misoprostol with syntometrine on blood loss in the third stage of labour. West Indian Medical Journal 2009;58(3):201‐6. - PubMed

Hernandez‐Castro 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Hernandez‐Castro F, Lopez‐Serna N, Trevino‐Salinas EM, Soria‐Lopez JA, Sordia‐Hernandez LH, Cardenas‐Estrada E. Randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial of buccal misoprostol to reduce the need for additional uterotonic drugs during cesarean delivery. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2016;132(2):184‐7. - PubMed
2. 1. NCT01733329. Buccal misoprostol during cesarean section for preventing postpartum hemorrhage in women with risk factors for uterine atony. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01733329 (first received 16 November 2012).

Hofmeyr 1998 {published data only}

1. 1. Hofmeyr GJ, Nikodem C, Jager M, Drakely A, Gilbart B. Oral misoprostol for labour third stage management: randomised assessment of side effects. Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Priorities in Perinatal Care; 1998; South Africa. 1998:53‐4.
2. 1. Hofmeyr GJ, Nikodem VC, Jager M, Gelbart BR. A randomised placebo controlled trial of oral misoprostol in the third stage of labour. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1998;105(9):971‐5. - PubMed
3. 1. Hofmeyr GJ, Jager M, Rose L, Nikodem VC, Lawrie T. Misoprostol for third stage of labour management: a double blind, placebo controlled clinical trial. Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Priorities in Perinatal Care; 1997; South Africa. 1997:29‐31.

Hofmeyr 2001 {published data only}

1. 1. Hofmeyr GJ, Nikodem VC, Jager M, Drakely AJ. Side effects of oral misoprostol in the third stage of labour: a random allocation placebo controlled trial. Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 2000;20(Suppl 1):S40‐1.
2. 1. Hofmeyr GJ, Nikodem VC, Jager M, Drakely A. Side‐effects of oral misoprostol in the third stage of labour‐‐a randomised placebo‐controlled trial. South African Medical Journal 2001;91(5):432‐5. - PubMed

Hofmeyr 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Hofmeyr GJ, Fawole B, Mugerwa K, Godi NP, Blignaut Q, Mangesi L, et al. Administration of 400mug of misoprostol to augment routine active management of the third stage of labor. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2011;112(2):98‐102. - PubMed
2. 1. NCT00124540. Misoprostol for preventing postpartum hemorrhage. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00124540 (first received: 26 July 2005).

Hoj 2005 {published data only}

1. 1. Hoj L, Cardoso P, Nielsen BB, Hvidman L, Nielsen J, Aaby P. Effect of sublingual misoprostol on severe postpartum haemorrhage in a primary health centre in Guinea‐Bissau: randomised double blind clinical trial. BMJ 2005;331:723‐7. - PMC - PubMed
2. 1. Nielsen BB, Hoj L, Hvidman LE, Nielsen J, Cardoso P, Aaby P. Reduced post‐partum bleeding after treatment with sublingual misoprostol: a randomized double‐blind clinical study in a developing country ‐ secondary publication [Reduceret post partum‐blodning efter sublingval misoprostol: et randomiseret dobbeltblindt klinisk studie i et udviklingsland ‐ sekundaerpublikation]. Ugeskrift for Laeger 2006;168(13):1341‐3. - PubMed

Hong 2007 {published data only}

1. 1. Hong SC, Kim JW, Park HT, Seol HJ, Kim HJ, Kim SH, et al. Additional rectal misoprostol plus intravenous oxytocin versus intravenous oxytocin for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage after cesarean section. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;197(6 Suppl 1):S99, Abstract no: 321.

Humera 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Humera A, Kerure SB. Randomized comparative study of oral misoprostol with intravenous methyl ergometrine in prevention of postpartum haemorrhage in cases high risk for postpartum haemorrhage. International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 2016;5(3):798‐802.

Is 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Is S, Gr V, Keranahalli S. Comparison of intramuscular ergometrine and per rectal misoprostol for prophylaxis against atonic post partum haemorrhage. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2012;119(Suppl 3):S797‐S798.

Jago 2007 {published data only}

1. 1. Jago AA, Ezechi OC, Achinge GI, Okunlola MA. Effect of oxytocics on the blood pressure of normotensive Nigerian parturients. Journal of Maternal‐Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2007;20(9):703‐5. - PubMed

Jangsten 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Jangsten E, Mattsson L, Lyckestam I, Hellstrom A, Berg M. A comparison of active management and expectant management of the third stage of labour: a Swedish randomised controlled trial. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2011;118:362–9. - PubMed

Jans 2017 {published data only}

1. 1. Jans S, Herschderfer KC, Diem MT, Aitink M, Rijnders M, Pal‐Bruin K, et al. LENTE study: effectiveness of prophylactic intramuscular oxytocin during third stage of labour amongst low risk women. A randomized controlled trial. 31st International Confederation of Midwives Triennial Congress. Midwives ‐ Making a Difference in the World; 2017 June 18‐22; Toronto, Canada. 2017:Abstract no: P1.063.

Jerbi 2007 {published data only}

1. 1. Jerbi M, Hidar S, Elmoueddeb S, Chaieb A, Khairi H. Oxytocin in the third stage of labor. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2007;96(3):198‐9. - PubMed

Jirakulsawas 2000 {published data only}

1. 1. Jirakulsawas J, Khooarmompattana S. Comparison of oral misoprostol and intramuscular methylergonovine for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage. Thai Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2000;12(4):332.

Kabir 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Kabir N, Akter D, Daisy TA, Jesmin S, Razzak M, Tasnim S, et al. Efficacy and safety of carbetocin in comparison to oxytocin in the active management of third stage of labour following vaginal delivery: an open label randomized control trial. Bangladesh Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2015;30(1):3‐9.

Karkanis 2002 {published data only}

1. 1. Karkanis SG, Caloia D, Salenieks ME, Kingdom J, Walker M, Meffe F, et al. Randomized controlled trial of rectal misoprostol versus oxytocin in third stage management. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada: JOGC 2002;24(2):149‐54. - PubMed

Kerekes 1979 {published data only}

1. 1. Kerekes L, Domokos N. The effect of prostaglandin F2alpha on third stage labour. Prostaglandins 1979;18:161‐6. - PubMed

Khan 1995 {published data only}

1. 1. Khan GQ, John IS, Chan T, Wani S, Hughes AO, Stirrat GM. Abu Dhabi third stage trial: oxytocin vs syntometrine in the active management of the third stage of labour. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 1995;58:147‐51. - PubMed
2. 1. Khan GQ, Susheela JI, Chan T, Wani S, Hughes AO, Stirrat GM. Abu Dhabi third stage trial: oxytocin versus syntometrine in the active management of the third stage of labour. 27th British Congress of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; 1995 July 4‐7; Dublin, Ireland. 1995:Abstract no: 212. - PubMed

Khurshid 2010 {published data only}

1. 1. Khurshid R, Fatima K, Parveen S, Ul Shamas I, Salman R. A comparison between intramuscular PGF2 a125 mG and intravenous methyl ergometrine 0.2 Mg in the active management of third stage labor. Internet Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2010; Vol. 14, issue 1.

Koen 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Koen S, Snyman LC, Pattinson RC, Makin JA. A randomised controlled trial comparing oxytocin and oxytocin + ergometrine for prevention of postpartum haemorrhage at caesarean section. South African Medical Journal = Suid‐Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde 2016;106(4):399‐402. - PubMed

Kumar 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Kumar SK, Shyam S, Batakurki P. Carboprost versus oxytocin for active management of third stage of labor: a prospective randomized control study. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India 2016;66(S1):S229‐S234. - PMC - PubMed

Kumru 2005 {published data only}

1. 1. Kumru S, Gurates B, Parmaksiz C. Investigation of the usefulness of methyl ergonovine application in cesarean section cases [Sezaryen olgularinda metil ergonovin uygulamasinin yararliliginin arastirilmasi]. Journal of the Turkish German Gynecology Association Artemis 2005;6(1):42‐5.

Kundodyiwa 2001 {published data only}

1. 1. Kundodyiwa TW, Majoko F, Rusakaniko S. Misoprostol versus oxytocin in the third stage of labor. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2001;75:235‐41. - PubMed

Kushtagi 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. Kushtagi P, Verghese LM. Evaluation of two uterotonic medications for the management of the third stage of labor. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2006;94(1):47‐8. - PubMed
2. 1. Verghese L, Kushtagi P. Evaluation of carboprost as a prophylactic oxytocic in the management of third stage of labour. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2008;115(s1):74.

Lam 2004 {published data only}

1. 1. Lam H, Tang OS, Lee CP, Ho PC. A pilot‐randomized comparison of sublingual misoprostol with syntometrine on the blood loss in third stage of labor. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 2004;83:647‐50. - PubMed

Lamont 2001 {published data only}

1. 1. Lamont RF, Morgan DJ, Logue M, Gordon H. A prospective randomised trial to compare the efficacy and safety of hemabate and syntometrine for the prevention of primary postpartum haemorrhage. Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators 2001;66(3):203‐10. - PubMed

Lapaire 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. Lapaire O, Schneider MC, Stotz M, Surbek DV, Holzgreve W, Hoesli IM. Oral misoprostol vs. intravenous oxytocin in reducing blood loss after emergency cesarean delivery. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2006;95(1):2‐7. - PubMed

Leung 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. Leung SW, Ng PS, Wong WY, Cheung TH. A randomised trial of carbetocin versus syntometrine in the management of the third stage of labour. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2006;113:1459‐64. - PMC - PubMed

Lokugamage 2001 {published data only}

1. 1. Lokugamage AU, Moodley J, Sullivan K, Rodeck CH, Niculescu L, Tigere P. The Durban primary postpartum haemorrhage study. Women's Health ‐ into the new millennium. Proceedings of the 4th International Scientific Meeting of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists; 1999 October 3‐6; Cape Town South Africa. RCOG, 1999:77‐8.
2. 1. Lokugamage AU, Paine M, Bassau‐Balroop H, El‐Refaey K, Sullivan K, Rodek C. Active management of the third stage at caesarean section: misoprostol vs syntocinon. XVI FIGO World Congress of Obstetrics & Gynecology; 2000 Sept 3‐8; Washington DC, USA. 2000; Vol. Book 2:54. - PubMed
3. 1. Lokugamage AU, Paine M, Bassaw‐Balroop K, Sullivan KR, El‐Refaey H, Rodeck CH. Active management of the third stage at caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial of misoprostol versus syntocinon. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 2001;41(4):411‐4. - PubMed

Lumbiganon 1999 {published data only}

1. 1. Lumbiganon P, Hofmeyr J, Gülmezoglu AM, Pinol A, Villar J. Misoprostol dose‐related shivering and pyrexia in the third stage of labour. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1999;106:304‐8. - PubMed

Maged 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Maged AM, Hassan AM, Shehata NA. Carbetocin versus oxytocin for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage after vaginal delivery in high risk women. Journal of Maternal‐Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2016;29(4):532‐6. - PubMed

Maged 2017 {published data only}

1. 1. Maged AM, Ragab AS, Elnassery N, Al Mostafa W, Dahab S, Kotb A. Carbetocin versus syntometrine for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage after cesarean section. Journal of Maternal‐Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2017;30(8):962‐6. - PubMed

Malik 2018 {published data only}

1. 1. Sabha M Cimona LS Fida M. A comparative study between prostaglandin 2ɑ and methyl ergometrine in the active management of third stage of labour. Modern Approaches in Drug Designing 2018;1(5):MADD.000522.

Mannaerts 2018 {published data only}

1. 1. Mannaerts D, Veeken L, Coppejans H, Jacquemyn Y. Adverse effects of carbetocin versus oxytocin in the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage after caesarean section: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Pregnancy 2018;2018:1374150. - PMC - PubMed

McDonald 1993 {published data only}

1. 1. McDonald S. The Perth third stage oxytocic trial. Proceedings of National Conference on Research in Midwifery; 1992; Reading, UK. 1992.
2. 1. McDonald S, Prendiville WJ. A randomized controlled trial of syntocinon vs syntometrine as part of the active management of the third stage of labour. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1992;20(Suppl 1):97.
3. 1. McDonald S, Prendiville WJ, Blair E. A randomised controlled trial of syntocinon vs syntometrine as part of the active management of the third stage of labour. Proceedings of 26th British Congress of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; 1992 July 7‐10; Manchester, UK. 1992:87.
4. 1. McDonald SJ. Management in the Third Stage of Labour [thesis]. University of Western Australia, 1996.
5. 1. McDonald SJ, Prendiville WJ, Blair E. Randomised controlled trial of oxytocin alone vs oxytocin and ergometrine in active management of third stage of labour. BMJ 1993;307:1167‐71. - PMC - PubMed

Mitchell 1993 {published data only}

1. 1. Mitchell GG, Elbourne DR. The Salford third stage trial: oxytocin plus ergometrine vs oxytocin alone in the active management of the third stage of labor. Online Journal of Current Clinical Trials 1993;2:Doc 83. - PubMed

Mobeen 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Mobeen N, Durocher J, Zuberi NF, Jahan N, Blum J, Wasim S, et al. Administration of misoprostol by trained traditional birth attendants to prevent postpartum haemorrhage in homebirths in Pakistan: a randomised placebo‐controlled trial. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2011;118:353‐61. - PMC - PubMed
2. 1. Mobeen N, Durocher J, Zuberi NF, Jahan N, Blum J, Wasim S, et al. Use of misoprostol by trained traditional birth attendants to prevent postpartum haemorrhage during home deliveries in Pakistan: a randomised placebo‐controlled trial. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2009;107(Suppl 2):S92. - PMC - PubMed
3. 1. NCT00120237. Misoprostol for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in rural Pakistan. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00120237 (first received: 7 July 2005).

Modi 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Modi V, Goel JK, Kashyap A, Arya SB, Kar J, Goel R. Active management of third stage of labor: A comparison of various uterotonic. Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology ‐ SAFOG 2014;6(3):151‐5.

Moertl 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Moertl M, Kraschl J, Friedrich S, Pickel K, Ulrich D, Eder M, et al. Hemodynamic changes of carbetocin and oxytocin in women undergoing cesarean section. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2008;199(6 Suppl 1):S112.
2. 1. Moertl MG, Friedrich S, Kraschl J, Wadsack C, Lang U, Schlembach D. Haemodynamic effects of carbetocin and oxytocin given as intravenous bolus on women undergoing caesarean delivery: a randomised trial. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2011;118(11):1349‐56. - PubMed
3. 1. Mortl M, Pickel K, Friedrich S, Ulrich D, Lang U, Schlembach D. Hemodynamic changes of carbetocin and oxytocin given as i.v. bolus on women undergoing cesarean section. Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde 2008;68:S46.

Mohamed 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Mohamed HF, Mustafa GF, Ibrahim MA, Stefanos GE. Comparative study between intravenous bolus dose of carbetocin versus oxytocin during cesarean delivery in healthy parturients on blood loss: a randomized control trial. Medical Journal of Cairo University 2015;83(2):167‐72.

Moir 1979 {published data only}

1. 1. Moir DD, Amoa AB. Ergometrine or oxytocin? Blood loss and side‐effects at spontaneous vertex delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1979;51(2):113‐7. - PubMed

Moodie 1976 {published data only}

1. 1. Moodie JE, Moir DD. Ergometrine, oxytocin and extradural analgesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1976;48:571‐4. - PubMed

Mukta 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Mukta M, Sahay PB. Role of misoprostol 600 mcg oral in active management of third stage of labor: a comparative study with oxytocin 10 IU i.m. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India 2013;6:325‐7. - PMC - PubMed

Musa 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Musa AO, Ijaiya MA, Saidu R, Aboyeji AP, Jimoh AA, Adesina KT, et al. Double‐blind randomized controlled trial comparing misoprostol and oxytocin for management of the third stage of labor in a Nigerian hospital. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2015; Vol. 129, issue 3:227‐30. - PubMed

Nankaly 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Nankaly A, Jalilian N, Eshghiali S, Rezaei M. The effects of sublingual misoprostol and intravenous oxytocin in reducing bleeding among cesarean deliveries. Acta Medica Mediterranea 2016;32:953‐7.

Nasr 2009 {published data only}

1. 1. Nasr A, Shahin AY, Elsamman AM, Zakherah MS, Shaaban OM. Rectal misoprostol versus intravenous oxytocin for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2009;105(3):244‐7. - PubMed

Nayak 2017 {published data only}

1. 1. Nayak L Pradhan K Mishra S. Role of 400 mcg intraoperative sublingual misoprostol for reduction of caesarean blood loss. Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 2017;4(10):573‐7.

Nellore 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. Nellore V, Mittal S, Dadhwal V. Rectal misoprostol vs. 15‐methyl prostaglandin F2alpha for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2006;94(1):45‐6. - PubMed

Ng 2001 {published data only}

1. 1. Ng PS, Chan AS, Sin WK, Tang LC, Cheung KB, Yuen PM. Comparison of oral misoprostol and intramuscular syntometrine in the management of the third stage of labor ‐ a multicenter randomised controlled trial. XVI FIGO World Congress of Obstetrics & Gynecology. Book 4; 2000 Sept 3‐8; Washington DC, USA. 2000:29.
2. 1. Ng PS, Chan ASM, Sin WK, Tang LCH, Cheung KB, Yuen PM. A multicentre randomized controlled trial of oral misoprostol and im syntometrine in the management of the third stage of labour. Human Reproduction 2001;16(1):31‐5. - PubMed

Ng 2004 {published data only}

1. 1. Ng PS, Yuen PM, Sahota DS. Comparison of oral misoprostol and intravascular syntocinon in the management of the third stage of labour ‐ a double‐blind randomised controlled trial. 30th British Congress of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; 2004 July 7‐9; Glasgow, UK. 2004:69.

Ng 2007 {published data only}

1. 1. Ng PS, Lai CY, Sahota DS, Yuen PM. A double‐blind randomized controlled trial of oral misoprostol and intramuscular syntometrine in the management of the third stage of labor. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 2007;63(1):55‐60. - PubMed
2. 1. Yuen PM, Ng PS, Sahota DS. A double‐blind randomised controlled trial of oral misoprostol in addition to intra‐muscular syntometrine in the management of the third stage of labour. 30th British Congress of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; 2004 July 7‐9; Glasgow, UK. 2004:62.

Nirmala 2009 {published data only}

1. 1. Nirmala K, Zainuddin AA, Ghani NA, Zulkifli S, Jamil MA. Carbetocin versus syntometrine in prevention of post‐partum hemorrhage following vaginal delivery. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2009;35(1):48‐54. - PubMed

Nordstrom 1997 {published data only}

1. 1. Nordstrom L, Fogelstam K, Fridman G, Larsson A, Rydhstroem H. Routine oxytocin in the third stage of labour: a placebo controlled randomised trial. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1997;104(7):781‐6. - PubMed

Nuamsiri 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Nuamsiri T Kaewkiattikun K. Prevention of postpartum hemorrhage with oxytocin versus ergometrine plus oxytocin in the third stage of labor. Thai Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2016;24:97‐103.

Oboro 2003 {published data only}

1. 1. Oboro VO, Tabowei TO. A randomised controlled trial of misoprostol versus oxytocin in the active management of the third stage of labour. Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 2003;23(1):13‐6. - PubMed

Ogunbode 1979 {published data only}

1. 1. Ogunbode O, Obisesan K, Ayeni O. Methergin in the management of the third stage of labor: a comparative clinical trial with syntometrine and ergometrine. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical and Experimental 1979;26:460‐5.

Orji 2008 {published data only}

1. 1. Orji E, Agwu F, Loto O, Olaleye O. A randomized comparative study of prophylactic oxytocin versus ergometrine in the third stage of labor. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2008;101(2):129‐32. - PubMed

Ortiz‐Gomez 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Ortiz‐Gomez JR, Morillas‐Ramirez F, Fornet‐Ruiz I, Palacio‐Abizanda FJ, Bermejo‐Albares L. [Clinical and pharmacological study of the efficacy of carbetocin in elective caesareans compared to low and usual doses of oxytocin]. [Spanish]. Revista Espanola de Anestesiologia y Reanimacion 2013;60(1):7‐15. - PubMed

Othman 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Othman ER, Fayez MF, Aal DEMA, El‐Dine Mohamed HS, Abbas AM, Ali MK. Sublingual misoprostol versus intravenous oxytocin in reducing bleeding during and after cesarean delivery: a randomized clinical trial. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2016;55(6):791‐5. - PubMed

Owonikoko 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Owonikoko KM, Arowojolu AO, Okunlola MA. Effect of sublingual misoprostol versus intravenous oxytocin on reducing blood loss at cesarean section in Nigeria: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2011;37(7):715‐21. - PubMed

Pakniat 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Pakniat H, Khezri MB. The effect of combined oxytocin‐misoprostol versus oxytocin and misoprostol alone in reducing blood loss at cesarean delivery: a prospective randomized double‐blind study. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of India 2015;65(6):376‐81. - PMC - PubMed

Parsons 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. Parsons SM, Walley RL, Crane JM, Matthews K, Hutchens D. Oral misoprostol versus oxytocin in the management of the third stage of labour. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 2006;28(1):20‐6. - PubMed

Parsons 2007 {published data only}

1. 1. Parsons S, Ntumy YM, Walley RL, Wilson JB, Crane JM, Matthews K, et al. Rectal misoprostol vs intramuscular oxytocin in the routine management of the third stage of labour. 30th British Congress of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; 2004 July 7‐9; Glasgow, UK. 2004:18.
2. 1. Parsons SM, Walley RL, Crane JM, Matthews K, Hutchens D. Rectal misoprostol versus oxytocin in the management of the third stage of labour. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 2007;29(9):711‐8. - PubMed

Patil 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Patil NB, Patted SS. A randomised controlled trial of oral misoprostol vs injection methylergometrine for prevention of post partum hemorrhage. International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 2013;2(3):296‐303.

Patil 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Patil AS, Dadavate V, Thobbi VA. Carboprost versus oxytocin for active management of third stage of labour. Al Ameen Journal of Medical Sciences 2016;9(3):196‐201.

Penaranda 2002 {published data only}

1. 1. Penaranda WA, Arrieta OB, Yances BR. Active management of childbirth with sublingual misoprostol: a controlled clinical trial in the Hospital de Maternidad Rafael Calvo [Manejo activo del alumbramiento con misoprostol sublingual: un estudio clinico controlado en al hospital de maternidad rafael calvo de cartagena]. Revista Colombiana de Obstetricia y Ginecologia 2002;53(1):87‐92.

Perez‐Rumbos 2017 {published data only}

1. 1. Perez‐Rumbos A, Reyna‐Villasmil E Rondon‐Tapia M, Reyna‐Villasmil N. Rectal misoprostol or intramuscular oxytocin in the management of the third phase of labour. Perinatología y Reproducción Humana 2017;31(2):78‐84.

Poeschmann 1991 {published data only}

1. 1. Poeschmann RP, Doesburg WH, Eskes TK. A randomized comparison of oxytocin, sulprostone and placebo in the management of the third stage of labour. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1991;98:528‐30. - PubMed
2. 1. Poeschmann RP, Eskes TK, Doesburg WH. Oxytocin and sulprostone reduce post partum blood loss and shorten the third stage in low risk term women. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1991;36 Suppl:312.
3. 1. Poeschmann RP, Eskes TK, Doesburg WH, Lemmens WA, Benneker JC. Oxytocin and sulprostone reduce postpartum blood loss in low risk term women compared to saline. Proceedings of 1st European Congress on Prostaglandins in Reproduction; 1988 July 6‐9; Vienna, Austria. 1988:176.

Prendiville 1988 {published data only}

1. 1. Prendiville WJ, Harding JE, Elbourne DR, Stirrat GM. The Bristol third stage trial: active versus physiological management of third stage of labour. BMJ 1988;297(6659):1295‐300. - PMC - PubMed

Quibel 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Quibel T, Ghout I, Goffinet F, Salomon LJ, Fort J, Javoise S, et al. Active management of the third stage of labor with a combination of oxytocin and misoprostol to prevent postpartum hemorrhage: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2016;128(4):805‐11. - PubMed
2. 1. Rozenberg P, Quibel T, Ghout I, Salomon L, Bussiere L, Goffinet F. Active management of the third stage of labor with routine oxytocin and misoprostol for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2015;212(1 Suppl 1):S18. - PubMed

Rajaei 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. NCT01863706. Misoprostol versus oxytocin for prevention of post partum hemorrhage. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01863706 (first received: 23 May 2013).
2. 1. Rajaei M, Karimi S, Shahboodaghi Z, Mahboobi H, Khorgoei T, Rajaei F. Safety and efficacy of misoprostol versus oxytocin for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage. Journal of Pregnancy 2014;2014:713879. - PMC - PubMed

Ramirez 2001 {published data only}

1. 1. Ramirez O, Benito V, Jimenez R, Valido C, Hernandez C, Garcia JA. Third stage of labour: active or expectant management? preliminary results [abstract]. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2001;Suppl 1(Pt 2):364.

Rashid 2009 {published data only}

1. 1. Rashid M, Clark A, Rashid MH. A randomised controlled trial comparing the efficacy of intramuscular syntometrine and intravenous syntocinon, in preventing postpartum haemorrhage. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2009;29(5):396‐401. - PubMed

Ray 2001 {published data only}

1. 1. Chatterjee A. Misoprostol and the 3rd stage. XVI FIGO World Congress of Obstetrics & Gynecology; 2000 Sept 3‐8; Washington DC, USA. 2000; Vol. Book 4:29.
2. 1. Ray A, Mukherjee P, Basu G, Chatterjee A. Misoprostol and third stage of labour. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India 2001;51(6):53‐4.

Reddy 2001 {published data only}

1. 1. Reddy R, Shenoy JV. Active management of third stage of labour. A comparative study in high risk patients for atonic postpartum haemorrhage. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India 2001;51(2):44‐7.

Reyes, Gonzalez 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Reyes OA, Gonzalez GM. Carbetocin versus oxytocin for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in patients with severe preeclampsia: a double‐blind randomized controlled trial. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada: JOGC 2011;33(11):1099‐104. - PubMed

Reyes 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Reyes OA. Carbetocin vs oxytocin for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in grand multiparous patients: A randomized controlled trial. [Spanish]. Clinica e investigacion en ginecologia y obstetricia 2011; Vol. 38, issue 1:2‐7.

Rogers 1998 {published data only}

1. 1. Rogers J, Wood J, McCandlish R, Ayers S, Truesdale A, Elbourne D. Active versus expectant management of third stage of labour: the Hinchingbrooke randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1998;351(9104):693‐9. - PubMed

Rosseland 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Gawecka E, Rosseland LA. A secondary analysis of a randomized placebo‐controlled trial comparing the analgesic effects of oxytocin with carbetocin: postcesarean delivery morphine equivalents. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2014;119(4):1004. - PubMed
2. 1. Rosseland LA, Hauge TH, Grindheim G, Stubhaug A, Langesaeter E. Changes in blood pressure and cardiac output during cesarean delivery: the effects of oxytocin and carbetocin compared with placebo. Anesthesiology 2013;119(3):541‐51. - PubMed

Sadiq 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Sadiq UG, Kwanashie O, Mairiga G, Gamaniel S, Isa H, Abdu A, et al. A randomised clinical trial comparing the efficacy of oxytocin injection and oral misoprostol tablet in the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage in Maiduguri Nigeria. International Research Journal of Pharmacy 2011;2(8):76‐81.

Samimi 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Samimi M, Imani‐Harsini A, Abedzadeh‐Kalahroudi M. Carbetocin vs. syntometrine in prevention of postpartum hemorrhage: a double blind randomized control trial. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal 2013;15(9):817‐22. - PMC - PubMed

Shady 2017 {published data only}

1. 1. Shady NW, Sallam HF, Elsayed AH, Abdelkader AM, Ali SS, Alanwar A, et al. The effect of prophylactic oral tranexamic acid plus buccal misoprostol on blood loss after vaginal delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Maternal‐Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2017;27:1‐7. - PubMed

Shrestha 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Shrestha A, Dongol A, Chawla CD, Adhikari RK. Rectal misoprostol versus intramuscular oxytocin for prevention of post partum hemorrhage. Kathmandu University Medical Journal 2011;33(1):8‐12. - PubMed

Singh 2009 {published data only}

1. 1. Singh G, Radhakrishnan G, Guleria K. Comparison of sublingual misoprostol, intravenous oxytocin, and intravenous methylergometrine in active management of the third stage of labor. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2009;107(2):130‐4. - PubMed

Sitaula 2017 {published data only}

1. 1. Sitaula S Uprety DK Thakur A Pradhan T. Impact of preoperative rectal misoprostol on blood loss during and after elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2017;11(2):37‐41.

Soltan 2007 {published data only}

1. 1. Soltan MH, El‐Gendi E, Imam HH, Fathi O. Different doses of sublingual misoprostol versus methylergometrine for the prevention of atonic postpartum haemorrhage. International Journal of Health Sciences 2007;1(2):229‐36. - PMC - PubMed

Sood 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Sood AK, Singh S. Sublingual misoprostol to reduce blood loss at cesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of India 2012;62(2):162‐7. - PMC - PubMed

Stanton 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. NCT01108302. Effectiveness, safety and feasibility of auxiliary nurse midwives' (ANM) use of oxytocin in uniject™ to prevent postpartum hemorrhage in India. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01108302 (first received: 2 April 2010).
2. 1. Stanton CK, Newton S, Mullany LC, Cofie P, Agyemang CT, Adiibokah E, et al. Impact on postpartum hemorrhage of prophylactic administration of oxytocin 10 IU via Uniject by peripheral health care providers at home births: Design of a community‐based cluster‐randomized trial. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2012;12:42. - PMC - PubMed
3. 1. Stanton CK, Newton S, Mullany LC, Cofie P, Tawiah Agyemang C, Adiibokah E, et al. Effect on postpartum hemorrhage of prophylactic oxytocin (10 IU) by injection by community health officers in Ghana: a community‐based, cluster‐randomized trial. PLOS Medicine. NCT01108289 2013; Vol. 10, issue 10:e1001524. - PMC - PubMed

Su 2009 {published data only}

1. 1. Su LL, Rauff M, Chan YH, Mohamad Suphan N, Lau TP, Biswas A, et al. Carbetocin versus syntometrine for the third stage of labour following vaginal delivery‐‐a double‐blind randomised controlled trial. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2009;116(11):1461‐6. - PubMed

Sultana 2007 {published data only}

1. 1. Sultana N, Khatun M. Misoprostol versus oxytocin in the active management of the third stage of labour. Journal of Bangladesh College of Physicians and Surgeons 2007;25(2):73‐6.

Supe 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Supe PA, Kore SJ, Nandanwar YS. A comparative study of efficacy of misoprostol with methyl ergometrine and carboprost in active management of third stage of labour. International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 2016;5(5):1525‐31.

Surbek 1999 {published data only}

1. 1. Surbek DV, Fehr PM, Hoesli I, Holzgreve W. Misoprostol for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage: a randomized controlled trial [abstract]. XVI FIGO World Congress of Obstetrics & Gynecology; 2000 Sept 3‐8; Washington DC, USA 2000;Book 1:33.
2. 1. Surbek DV, Fehr PM, Hoesli I, Holzgreve W. Oral misoprostol vs placebo for third stage of labour [Orales misoprostol reduziert den postpartalen blutverlust]. Gynakologisch Geburtshilfliche Rundschau 1999;39:144.

Taheripanah 2018 {published data only}

1. 1. Taheripanah R, Shoman A, Ali Karimzadeh M, Zamaniyan M, Malih N. Efficacy of oxytocin vs. Carbetocin in prevention of postpartum hemorrhage after cesarean section under general anesthesia: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Journal of Maternal‐Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2018;31(21):2807‐12. - PubMed

Tewatia 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Tewatia R, Rani S, Srivastav U, Makhija B. Sublingual misoprostol versus intravenous oxytocin in prevention of post‐partum hemorrhage. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2014;289:739‐42. - PubMed

Thilaganathan 1993 {published data only}

1. 1. Thilaganathan B, Cutner A, Latimer J, Beard R. Management of the third stage of labour in women at low risk of postpartum haemorrhage. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 1993;48:19‐22. - PubMed

Tripti 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. Tripti N, Manju E. Intramuscular PGF2 alpha 125 microg versus intravenous methyl ergometrine 0.2 mg in the active management of third stage of labor. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India 2006;56(5):396‐8.

Ugwu 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Ugwu IA, Enabor OO, Adeyemi AB, Lawal OO, Oladokun A, Olayemi O. Sublingual misoprostol to decrease blood loss after caesarean delivery: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2014;34(5):407‐11. - PubMed

Uncu 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Uncu Y, Karahasan M, Uyaniklar O, Uncu G. Prophylactic misoprostol for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage: a randomized controlled trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2015;19(1):15‐22. - PubMed

Un Nisa 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Un Nisa S, Usmani SY. Role of intravenous syntocinon in prevention of primary postpartum haemorrhage. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2012;6(4):1020‐4.

Vagge 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Vagge DS, Mamatha KR, Rohatgi V. A comparative study to assess the efficacy and tolerability of per rectal misoprostol versus intravenous oxytocin in prevention of primary postpartum haemorrhage in a tertiary care hospital. Indian Journal of Pharmacology 2013;45 Suppl:S45.
2. 1. Vagge DS, Mamatha KR, Shivamurthy G, Rohatgi V. A comparative study to assess the efficacy and tolerability of per rectal misoprostol and intravenous oxytocin in prevention of primary postpartum haemorrhage in a tertiary care hospital. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research 2014;6(3):1134‐40.

Vaid 2009 {published data only}

1. 1. Vaid A, Dadhwal V, Mittal S, Deka D, Misra R, Sharma JB, et al. A randomized controlled trial of prophylactic sublingual misoprostol versus intramuscular methyl‐ergometrine versus intramuscular 15‐methyl PGF2alpha in active management of third stage of labor. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2009;280(6):893‐7. - PubMed

Van Selm 1995 {published data only}

1. 1. Selm M, Kanhai HH, Keirse MJ. Preventing the recurrence of atonic postpartum hemorrhage: a double‐blind trial. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1995;74:270‐4. - PubMed

Verma 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. Verma P, Aggarwal N, Jain V, Suri V. A double‐blind randomized controlled trial to compare sublingual misoprostol with methylergometrine for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2006;94(Suppl 2):S137‐S138. - PubMed

Vimala 2004 {published data only}

1. 1. Vimala N, Mittal S, Kumar S, Dadhwal V, Mehta S. Sublingual misoprostol versus methylergometrine for active management of third stage of labor. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2004;87:1‐5. - PubMed

Vimala 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. Vimala N, Mittal S, Kumar S. Sublingual misoprostol versus oxytocin infusion to reduce blood loss at cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2006;92(2):106‐10. - PubMed

Walley 2000 {published data only}

1. 1. Walley RL, Wilson JB, Crane JM, Matthews K, Sawyer E, Hutchens D. A double‐blind placebo controlled randomised trial of misoprostol and oxytocin in the management of the third stage of labour. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2000;107(9):1111‐5. - PubMed

Whigham 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Whigham CA, Gorelik A, Loughnan T, Trivedi A. Carbetocin versus oxytocin in active labour. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2014;121(Suppl 2):88.
2. 1. Whigham CA, Gorelik A, Loughnan TE, Trivedi A. Carbetocin versus oxytocin to reduce additional uterotonic use at non‐elective caesarean section: a double‐blind, randomised trial. Journal of Maternal‐Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2016;29(23):3866‐9. - PubMed

Widmer 2018 {published data only}

1. 1. Gulmezoglu M. The WHO Champion Trial. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2015;131(Suppl 5):E29‐30.
2. 1. Widmer M, Piaggio G, Abdel‐Aleem H, Carroli G, Chong Y, Coomarasamy A, et al. Room temperature stable carbetocin for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage during the third stage of labour in women delivering vaginally: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2016;17:143. - PMC - PubMed
3. 1. Widmer M, Piaggio G, Nguyen TM, et al. Heat‐stable carbetocin versus oxytocin to prevent hemorrhage after vaginal birth. New England Journal of Medicine 2018;379(8):743‐52. - PubMed

Yuen 1995 {published data only}

1. 1. Yuen PM, Chan NS, Yim SF, Chang AM. A randomised double blind comparison of syntometrine and syntocinon in the management of the third stage of labour. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1995;102:377‐80. - PubMed

Zachariah 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. Zachariah ES, Naidu M, Seshadri L. Oral misoprostol in the third stage of labor. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2006;92(1):23‐6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Abdel‐Aleem 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Abdel‐Aleem H, Alhusaini TK, Abdel‐Aleem MA, Menoufy M, Gulmezoglu AM. Effectiveness of tranexamic acid on blood loss in patients undergoing elective cesarean section: randomized clinical trial. Journal of Maternal‐Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2013;26(17):1705‐9. - PubMed

Abdel‐Aleem 2018 {published data only}

1. 1. Abdel‐Aleem AA, Abbas AM, Thabet AL, Badran E, El‐Nashar IH. The effect of initiating intravenous oxytocin infusion before uterine incision on the blood loss during elective cesarean section: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Maternal‐Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2018 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed

Abdollahy 2000 {published data only}

1. 1. Abdollahy F. Comparison effect of oxytocin and normal salin injection intra umbelical venuse [abstract]. Gynecological Endocrinology 2000;14(Suppl 2):49.

Adhikari 2007 {published data only}

1. 1. Adhikari S, Rana A, Bista KD. Active management of third stage of labour: comparison between prophylactic intramuscular methylergometrine and intramuscular oxytocin. Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2007;2(2):24‐8.

Adnan 2017 {published data only}

1. 1. Adnan N, Boland F, Murphy DJ. Intramuscular oxytocin versus intravenous oxytocin to prevent postpartum haemorrhage at vaginal delivery (LabOR trial): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2017;18(1):541. - PMC - PubMed

Ahmed 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Ahmed MR, Sayed Ahmed WA, Madny EH, Arafa AM, Said MM. Efficacy of tranexamic acid in decreasing blood loss in elective caesarean delivery. Journal of Maternal‐Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2015;28(9):1014‐8. - PubMed

Akinaga 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Akinaga C, Uchizaki S, Kurita T, Taniguchi M, Makino H, Suzuki A, et al. Randomized double‐blind comparison of the effects of intramyometrial and intravenous oxytocin during elective cesarean section. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2016;42(4):404‐9. - PubMed

Alam 2017 {published data only}

1. 1. Alam A, Shyam P, Goswami S. A comparative study of efficacy of oxytocin, methylergometrine and misoprostol in prevention of post‐partum haemorrhage. International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 2017;6(5):1960‐4.

Al‐Harazi 2009 {published data only}

1. 1. Al‐Harazi AH, Frass KA. Sublingual misoprostol for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage. Saudi Medical Journal 2009;30(7):912‐6. - PubMed

Ali 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Ali R, Hina F. Postpartum hemorrhage; comparison of efficacy of ergometrine with misoprostol in prophylaxis in cesarean section. Professional Medical Journal 2012;19(3):360‐4.

Ali 2018 {published data only}

1. 1. Ali AA, Nasr AA, Ahmed HH, El‐ Rasheedy MI, Badawy M. Carbetocin versus oxytocin and misoprostol in prevention of atonic post‐partum hemorrhage in high risk patients planed for cesarean delivery. International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 2018;7(1):10‐4.

Anandakrishnan 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Anandakrishnan S, Balki M, Farine D, Seaward G, Carvalho JC. Carbetocin at elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial to determine the effective dose, part 2. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;60(11):1054‐60. - PubMed

Anjaneyulu 1988 {published data only}

1. 1. Anjaneyulu R, Devi PK, Kanthamani CR, Vijaya R, Raghavan KS. Prophylactic use of 15(S)15 methyl PGF2alpha by intramuscular route ‐ a controlled clinical trial. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica Supplementa 1988;145:9‐11. - PubMed

Anvaripour 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Anvaripour A, Shahryari H, Ahmadi S, Ghasemi S, Mirzaei K. Comparison the effects of oxytocin and methylergonovine in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2013;287(5):979‐83. - PubMed

Ashwal 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Ashwal E, Hiersch L, Wertheimer A, Krispin E, Aviram A, Dayan DB, et al. The effect of post‐partum oxytocin regimen on hemoglobin decline–a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2016;214(1 Suppl):S197‐S198, Abstract no: 351.

Athavale 1991 {published data only}

1. 1. Athavale RD, Nerurkar NM, Dalvi SA, Bhattacharya MS. Umbilical vein oxytocin in the management of third stage of labour. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine 1991;37(4):219‐20. - PubMed

Ayedi 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Ayedi M, Zouche I, Smaoui L, Bouaziz I, Smaoui M, Kolsi K. Comparison of 2 versus 5 units of oxytocin in caesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:159‐60.

Ayedi 2011b {published data only}

1. 1. Ayedi M, Jarraya A, Smaoui M, Zouari J, Smaoui L, Kolsi K. Effect of tranexamic acid on post partum hemorrhage by uterine atony: a preliminary result of a randomized, placebo controlled trial. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl 1:165.

Ayedi 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Ayedi M, NCT01599468. Effects of tranexamic acid on post partum hemorrhage by uterine atony after cesarean section delivery: a randomized, placebo controlled trial. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01599468 (first received 14 May 2012).

Aziz 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Aziz S, Kazi S, Haq G, Soomro N. Oral misoprostol versus oxytocin in the management of third stage of labour. JPMA ‐ Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 2014;64(4):428‐32. - PubMed

Bader 2000 {published data only}

1. 1. Bader W, Ast S, Hatzmann W. The significance of acupuncture in the third stage of labour [Dit Bedeutung der Akupunktur in der Plazentarperiode]. Deutsche Zeitschrift fur Akupunktur 2000;43:264‐8.
2. 1. Bader W, Ast S, Reinehr J, Hackmann J, Hatzmann W. Oxytocin versus acupuncture in the third stage of labour ‐ a prospective randomized study [Oxytocin versus Akupunktur in der Plazentarperiode ‐ eine prospektiv randomisierte Studie]. Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde 2000;60 Suppl 1:S73.

Badhwar 1991 {published data only}

1. 1. Badhwar L, Singh K, Sethi N, Gupta I, Aggarwal N. The value of nipple stimulation in the management of third stage of labour. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1991;36 Suppl:16.

Bai 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Bai J, Sun Q, Zhai H. A comparison of oxytocin and carboprost tromethamine in the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in high‐risk patients undergoing cesarean delivery. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 2014;7(1):46‐50. - PMC - PubMed

Baig 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Baig FS, Shahzad N, Khurshid HN, Malik A. Postpartum haemorrhage; comparison of intra umbilical and intra venous injection of oxytocin on blood loss in third stage of labour. Professional Medical Journal 2015;22(6):793‐7.

Balki 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. Balki M, Ronayne M, Davies S, Fallah S, Kingdom J, Windrim R, et al. Minimum oxytocin dose requirement after cesarean delivery for labor arrest. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2006;107(1):45‐50. - PubMed
2. 1. Balki M, Ronayne M, Davies S, Kingdom J, Windrim R, Carvalho J. Oxytocin requirements at cesarean section for failure to progress in labor: a dose‐finding study [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2005;102(Suppl 1):10.

Banovska 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Banovska J, Goffard P, Suball M, Origer P, Delatte P, Kapessidou P. Efficiency of temporary balloon occlusion of iliac arteries in patients at high hemorrhagic risk undergoing cesarean section. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30:176.

Barbaro 1961 {published data only}

1. 1. Barbaro CA, Smith GO. Clinical trial of SE505 ‐ a new oxytocic mixture. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1961;1:147‐50.

Baumgarten 1983 {published data only}

1. 1. Baumgarten K, Schmidt J, Horvat A, Neumann M, Cerwenka R, Gruber W, et al. Uterine motility after post‐partum application of sulprostone and other oxytocics. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 1983;16:181‐92. - PubMed

Bhattacharya 1988 {published data only}

1. 1. Bhattacharya P, Devi PK, Jain S, Kanthamani CR, Raghavan KS. Prophylactic use of 15(S)15 methyl PGF2alpha by intramuscular route for control of postpartum bleeding ‐ a comparative trial with methylergometrine. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica Supplement 1988;145:13‐5. - PubMed
2. 1. Devi PK, Sutaria UD, Raghavan KS. Prophylactic use of 15(S)15 methyl PGF2alpha for control of postpartum bleeding. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica Supplementa 1988;145:7‐8. - PubMed

Bhavana 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Bhavana G, Mittal S. Evaluation of efficacy of prophylactic injection tranexamic acid in decreasing blood loss before and after caesarean section. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2013;120(Suppl s1):32.

Bider 1991 {published data only}

1. 1. Bider D, Menashe Y, Dulitzky M, Mashiach S, Ben‐Rafael Z. Oxytocin or saline injected intra‐umbilically did not influence the third stage of labor. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1991;70:321‐3. - PubMed

Bider 1992 {published data only}

1. 1. Bider D, Ben‐Rafael Z, Dulitzky M, Menashe Y, Mashiach S, Barkai G. Effect of intraumbilical prostaglandin F2alpha injection on the third stage of labor. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 1992;37(4):317‐9. - PubMed

Bisri 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Bisri Y, Redjeki IS, Himendra A. The comparative of effect of bolus‐infusion oxytocine with infusion oxytocine on blood pressure, heart rate, and uterine contraction of women undergoing elective caesarean section with general anesthesia N2O‐sevoflurane. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28 Suppl:159.

Bivins 1993 {published data only}

1. 1. Bivins HA, Cope DA, Newman RB, Eller DP. Randomized trial of intraumbilical vein oxytocin. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1993;168:435. - PubMed
2. 1. Bivins HA, Cope DA, Newman RB, Eller DP. Randomized trial of intraumbilical vein oxytocin in midtrimester pregnancy losses. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1993;169(4):1070‐3. - PubMed

Blum 2010 {published data only}

1. 1. Blum J, Winikoff B, Raghavan S, Dabash R, Ramadan MC, Dilbaz B, et al. Treatment of post‐partum haemorrhage with sublingual misoprostol versus oxytocin in women receiving prophylactic oxytocin: a double‐blind, randomised, non‐inferiority trial. Lancet 2010;375(9710):217‐23. - PubMed

Bonham 1963 {published data only}

1. 1. Bonham DG. Intramuscular oxytocics and cord traction in third stage of labour. BMJ 1963;2:1620‐3. - PMC - PubMed

Bonis 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Bonis M, Torricelli M, Leoni L, Berti P, Ciani V, Puzzutiello R, et al. Carbetocin versus oxytocin after caesarean section: similar efficacy but reduced pain perception in women with high risk of postpartum haemorrhage. Journal of Maternal‐Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2012;25(6):732‐5. - PubMed

Boopathi 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Boopathi A, Nayak SR, Rao A, Rao B. Oxytocin versus methylergometrine in the active management of third stage of labour. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2014;4:666‐71.

Bose 2017 {published data only}

1. 1. Bose D, Beegum R. Sublingual misoprostol vs intravenous tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss during cesarean section: a prospective randomized study. Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology ‐ SAFOG 2017;9(1):9‐13.

Bulusu 2017 {published data only}

1. 1. Bulusu R, Ray P, Rani A, Handa P. Comparison of side effects of misoprostol by oral and rectal routes in active management of third stage of labour. Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 2017;4(3):146‐9.

Cappiello 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. Cappiello E, Lugo L, Kodali B, Hepner D, Harnett M, Tsen LC. A double‐blinded, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial of calcium chloride for the augmentation of uterine tone following cesarean delivery [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):32.

Carvalho 2004 {published data only}

1. 1. Carvalho JC, Balki M, Kingdom J, Windrim R. Oxytocin requirements at elective cesarean delivery: A dose finding study. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2004;104:1005‐10. - PubMed

Catanzarite 1990 {published data only}

1. 1. Catanzarite VA. Prophylactic intramyometrial carboprost tromethamine does not substantially reduce blood loss relative to intramyometrial oxytocin at routine cesarean section. American Journal of Perinatology 1990;7:39‐42. - PubMed

Chaplin 2009 {published data only}

1. 1. Chaplin AC, George RB, McKeen D, McLeod LC. Up‐down determination of the ED90 of oxytocin infusions for the prevention of postpartum uterine atony in parturients undergoing an elective caesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;56(Suppl 1):S62. - PubMed

Chatterjee 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Chatterjee S, Sarkar A, Rao KD. Using misoprostol for primary versus secondary prevention of postpartum haemorrhage ‐ Do costs matter?. PLOS One 2016;11(10):e0164718. - PMC - PubMed

Chaudhuri 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Chaudhuri P, Mandi S, Mazumdar A. Rectally administrated misoprostol as an alternative to intravenous oxytocin infusion for preventing post‐partum hemorrhage after cesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2014;40(9):2023‐30. - PubMed

Chestnut 1987 {published data only}

1. 1. Chestnut DH, Wilcox LL. Influence of umbilical vein administration of oxytocin on the third stage of labor. Proceedings of 19th Annual Meeting of Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology; 1987 May 20‐23; Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. 1987:49.
2. 1. Chestnut DH, Wilcox LL. Influence of umbilical vein administration of oxytocin on the third stage of labor: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1987;157:160‐2. - PubMed

Chou 1994 {published data only}

1. 1. Chou MM, MacKenzie IZ. A prospective, double‐blind, randomized comparison of prophylactic intramyometrial 15‐methyl prostaglandin F2, 125 micrograms, and intravenous oxytocin, 20 units, for the control of blood loss at elective cesarean section. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;171:1356‐60. - PubMed

Chou 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Chou LT, Da AW, Murizah MZ, Rushdan M, Rashid Z. A randomised controlled trial on low dose versus high dose oxytocin infusion in prevention of uterine atony at caesarean delivery. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2015;41(Suppl S1):44‐5, Abstract no: FC 8.11.

Chukudebelu 1963 {published data only}

1. 1. Chukudebelu WO, Marshall AT, Chalmers JA. Use of 'syntometrine' in the third stage of labour. BMJ 1963;1:1390‐1. - PMC - PubMed

Cooper 2004 {published data only}

1. 1. ISRCTN07452238. A study to determine the cardiovascular effects of different methods of administering the oxytocic drug syntocinon. isrctn.com/ISRCTN07452238 (first received: 12 September 2003).

Cordovani 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Cordovani D, Farine D, Balki M, Seaward G, Carvalho JC. Carbetocin at elective cesarean delivery: A dose‐finding study. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2011;58(Suppl 1):S90.

Cordovani 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Cordovani D, Balki M, Farine D, Seaward G, Carvalho JC. Carbetocin at elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial to determine the effective dose. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2012;59(8):751‐7. - PubMed

Dagdeviren 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Dagdeviren H, Cengiz H, Heydarova U, Caypinar SS, Kanawati A, Guven E, et al. Intramuscular versus intravenous prophylactic oxytocin for postpartum hemorrhage after vaginal delivery: a randomized controlled study. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2016;294(5):911‐6. - PubMed
2. 1. NCT02080104. Intramuscular versus intravenous prophylactic oxytocin for hemorrhage after vaginal delivery (oxytocin). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02080104 (first received: 1 March 2014).

Dahiya 1995 {published data only}

1. 1. Dahiya P, Puri M, Rathee S. Influence of intraumbilical oxytocin on the third stage of labour. Indian Journal of Medical Science 1995;49:23‐7. - PubMed

Daley 1951 {published data only}

1. 1. Daley D. The use of intramuscular ergometrine at the end of the second stage of normal labour. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Empire 1951;57:388‐97. - PubMed

Daly 1999 {published data only}

1. 1. Daly S, Andolina K, Tolosa JE, Roberts N, Wapner R. A randomized controlled trial of misoprostol versus oxytocin in preventing postpartum blood loss. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1999;180(1 Pt 2):S68.

Dao 2009 {published data only}

1. 1. Dao B, Blum J, Barrera G, Cherine Ramadan M, Dabash R, Darwish E, et al. Side effect profiles for misoprostol and oxytocin in the treatment of postpartum hemorrhage. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2009;107(Suppl 2):S150.

Davies 2005 {published data only}

1. 1. Davies GA, Tessier JL, Woodman MC, Lipson A, Hahn PM. Maternal hemodynamics after oxytocin bolus compared with infusion in the third stage of labor: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2005;105:294‐9. - PubMed

De bonis 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Bonis M, Torricelli M, Leoni L, Berti P, Ciani V, Puzzutiello R, et al. Carbetocin versus oxytocin after caesarean section: similar efficacy but reduced pain perception in women with high risk of postpartum haemorrhage. Journal of Maternal‐Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2012;25(6):732‐5. - PubMed
2. 1. Voltolini C, Bonis M, Vellucci F, Regini C, Orlandini C, Vannuccini S, et al. Carbetocin versus oxytocin after caesarean section: Similar efficacy but reduced pain perception in women with high risk of postpartum haemorrhage. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2012;119:S806‐7. - PubMed

Dell‐Kuster 2017 {published data only}

1. 1. Dell‐Kuster S, Hoesli I, Lapaire O, Seeberger E, Steiner LA, Bucher HC, et al. Efficacy and safety of carbetocin applied as an intravenous bolus compared to as a short‐infusion for caesarean section: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2016;17(1):155. - PMC - PubMed
2. 1. Dell‐Kuster S, Hoesli I, Lapaire O, Seeberger E, Steiner LA, Bucher HC, et al. Efficacy and safety of carbetocin given as an intravenous bolus compared with short infusion for caesarean section ‐ double‐blind, double‐dummy, randomized controlled non‐inferiority trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2017;118(5):772‐80. - PubMed
3. 1. Dell‐Kuster S, Hoesli I, Lapaire O, Seeberger E, Steiner LA, Bucher HC, et al. Efficacy and safety of intravenous carbetocin as a bolus compared to a short infusion for caesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2016;26(Suppl 1):S7.

Dennehy 1998 {published data only}

1. 1. Dennehy KC, Rosaeg OP, Cicutti NJ, Krepski B, Sylvain JP. Oxytocin injection after caesarean delivery: intravenous or intramyometrial?. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(7):635‐9. - PubMed

Deshpande 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Deshpande HG, Madkar CS, Patel KK. Comparative study between intravenous and intraumbilical oxytocin as active management of third stage in elective and emergency caesarean section. Indian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2016;3(1):55‐8.

Diab 1999 {published data only}

1. 1. Diab KM, Ramy AR, Yehia MA. The use of rectal misoprostol as active pharmacological management of the third stage of labor. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 1999;25(5):327‐32. - PubMed

Dickinson 2009 {published data only}

1. 1. Dickinson JE, Doherty DA. Optimization of third‐stage management after second‐trimester medical pregnancy termination. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 2009;201(3):303.e1‐303.e7. - PubMed

Diop 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. NCT01487278. Comparing misoprostol and oxytocin in UnijectTM postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) prevention in Mali. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01487278 Date first received: 5 December 2011.

Dommisse 1980 {published data only}

1. 1. Dommisse J. The routine use of oxytocic drugs in the third stage of labour [letter]. South African Medical Journal 1980;46:549. - PubMed

Dong 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Dong Y. Effects of carboprost on prevention of hemorrhage after induced labor with scarred uterus. Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University (Medical Science) 2011;31(8):1212‐5.

Dumoulin 1981 {published data only}

1. 1. Dumoulin JG. A reappraisal of the use of ergometrine. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1981;1:178‐81.

Durocher 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Durocher J, Blum J, Sheldon WR, Trussell J, Winikoff B. Does the effect of oxytocin prophylaxis on post‐partum blood loss depend on route of administration?. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2012;119(Suppl 3):S332.

Dutta 2000 {published data only}

1. 1. Dutta DK, Saha KK. Comparative study on role of syntometrine and prostaglandin in the prevention of PPH. XVI FIGO World Congress of Obstetrics & Gynecology (Book 4); 2000 Sept 3‐8; Washington DC, USA. 2000:29.

Dweck 2000 {published data only}

1. 1. Dweck MF, Lynch CM, Spellacy WN. Use of methergine for the prevention of postoperative endometritis in non‐elective cesarean section patients. Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics & Gynecology 2000;8:151‐4. - PMC - PubMed

Dzuba 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Dzuba I, Durocher J, Dilbaz B, Gelisen O, Ngoc NT, Montesinos R, et al. Route of administration of oxytocin in prevention of postpartum hemorrhage. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2012;119(Suppl 3):S333.

Elati 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Elati A, Elmahaishi MS, Elmahaishi MO, Elsraiti OA, Weeks AD. The effect of misoprostol on postpartum contractions: a randomised comparison of three sublingual doses. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2011;118(4):466‐73. - PubMed

Erkkola 1984 {published data only}

1. 1. Erkkola R, Kero P, Kanto J, Korvenranta H, Nanto V, Peltonen T. Delayed cord clamping in cesarean section with general anesthesia. American Journal of Perinatology 1984;1(2):165‐9. - PubMed

Farber 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. NCT02026297. Tranexamic acid and thromboelastography during cesarean delivery (TA TEG). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02026297 (first received: 22 December 2013).

Farber 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Farber MK, Schultz R, Lugo L, Liu X, Huang C, Tsen LC. The effect of co‐administration of intravenous calcium chloride and oxytocin on maternal hemodynamics and uterine tone following cesarean delivery: a double‐blinded, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2015;24(3):217‐24. - PubMed

Fatemeh 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Fatemeh F, Zohreh S, Abbas MG, Layla H. Maternal haemodynamic effects of oxytocin bolus or infusion in the third stage of labour. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2011;27(3):656‐9.

Forster 1957 {published data only}

1. 1. Forster FM. A comparative study of ergometrine and 'methergin' used in the management of the third stage of labour. Medical Journal of Australia 1957;2:155‐6.

Francis 1965 {published data only}

1. 1. Francis HH, Miller JM, Porteous CR. Clinical trial of an oxytocin‐ergometrine mixture (first of two trials). Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1965;5:47‐51. - PubMed

Friedman 1957 {published data only}

1. 1. Friedman EA. Comparative clinical evaluation of postpartum oxytocics. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1957;73:1306‐13. - PubMed

Fugo 1958 {published data only}

1. 1. Fugo NW, Dieckmann WJ. A comparison of oxytocic drugs in the management of the placental stage. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1958;76:141‐6. - PubMed

Gai 2004 {published data only}

1. 1. Gai MY, Wu LF, Su QF, Tatsumoto K. Clinical observation of blood loss reduced by tranexamic acid during and after caesarian section: a multi‐center, randomized trial. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 2004;112:154‐7. - PubMed

Gavhane 2017 {published data only}

1. 1. Gavhane Satyajit P, Harshad T, Bangal VB, Verma P, Bhavsar Dhruval K. Comparative outcome of active management of third stage of labour with prophylactic use of oxytocin, methyl ergometrine and misoprostol. Pravara Medical Review 2017;9(4):4‐9.

George 2010 {published data only}

1. 1. George RB, McKeen D, Chaplin AC, McLeod L. Up‐down determination of the ED(90) of oxytocin infusions for the prevention of postpartum uterine atony in parturients undergoing Cesarean delivery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2010;57(6):578‐82. - PubMed

Ghulmiyyah 2007 {published data only}

1. 1. Ghulmiyyah LM, Wehbe SA, Saltzman SL, Ehleban C, Sibai BM. Effects of intraumbilical vein injection of saline versus oxytocin plus saline on duration of the third stage of labor: a randomized double‐blind placebo trial [abstract]. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2005;193(6 Suppl):S18. - PubMed
2. 1. Ghulmiyyah LM, Wehbe SA, Saltzman SL, Ehleben C, Sibai BM. Intraumbilical vein injection of oxytocin and the third stage of labor: randomized double‐blind placebo trial. American Journal of Perinatology 2007;24(6):347‐52. - PubMed

Ghulmiyyah 2017 {published data only}

1. 1. Ghulmiyyah LM, Usta IM, Ghazeeri G, Taher N, Abu‐Ghannam G, Nassar AH, et al. Intravenous oxytocin use to decrease blood loss during scheduled cesarean delivery: a randomized double‐blinded controlled trial (oxytrial). American Journal of Perinatology 2017;34(4):379‐87. - PubMed

Gobbur 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Gobbur VR, Reddy SV, Bijapur UJ. Efficacy of tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss during lower segment caesarean section. 54th All India Congress of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; 2011 January 5‐9; Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. 2011:92.

Gohel 2007 {published data only}

1. 1. Gohel M, Patel P, Gupta A, Desai P. Efficacy of tranexamic acid in decreasing blood loss during and after cesarean section: a randomized case controlled prospective study. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of India 2007;57(3):228‐30.

Goswami 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Goswami U, Sarangi S, Gupta S, Babbar S. Comparative evaluation of two doses of tranexamic acid used prophylactically in anemic parturients for lower segment cesarean section: a double‐blind randomized case control prospective trial. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;7(4):427‐31. - PMC - PubMed

Groeber 1960 {published data only}

1. 1. Groeber WR, Bishop EH. Methergine and ergonovine in the third stage of labor. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1960;15:85‐8. - PubMed

Gungorduk 2010 {published data only}

1. 1. Gungorduk K, Asicioglu O, Besimoglu B, Gungorduk OC, Yildirm G, Ark C, et al. Using intraumbilical vein injection of oxytocin in routine practice with active management of the third stage of labor: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2010;116(3):619‐24. - PubMed

Gungorduk 2010b {published data only}

1. 1. Gungorduk K, Asicioglu O, Celikkol O, Olgac Y, Ark C. Use of additional oxytocin to reduce blood loss at elective caesarean section: a randomised control trial. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2010;50(1):36‐9. - PubMed

Gungorduk 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Gungorduk K, Yildirim G, Asicioglu O, Gungorduk OC, Sudolmus S, Ark C. Efficacy of intravenous tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss after elective cesarean section: a prospective, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. American Journal of Perinatology 2011;28(3):233‐40. - PubMed

Gungorduk 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Gungorduk K, Asicioglu O, Yildirim G, Ark C, Tekirdag AI, Besimoglu B. Can intravenous injection of tranexamic acid be used in routine practice with active management of the third stage of labor in vaginal delivery? A randomized controlled study. American Journal of Perinatology 2013;30(5):407‐13. - PubMed

Gupta 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Gupta M, Bhosale U. Comparative study of methylergometrine and low dose carboprost (PGF2‐x) in active management of 3rd stage labor. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2014;121(Suppl 2):139.

Habek 2007 {published data only}

1. 1. Habek D, Franicevic D. Intraumbilical injection of uterotonics for retained placenta. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2007;99(2):105‐9. - PubMed

Hacker 1979 {published data only}

1. 1. Hacker NF, Biggs JS. Blood pressure changes when uterine stimulants are used after normal delivery. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1979;86:633‐6. - PubMed

Häivä 1994 {published data only}

1. 1. Häivä L, Hartikainen A. Pharmacological management of third stage of labor in primiparae and multiparae [Kohtua supistavan lääkkeen valinta ensi‐ ja uudelleensynnyttäjille]. Suomen Lääkärilehti 1994;49(33):3442‐4.

Halder 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Halder S, Samanta B, Sardar R, Chattopadhyay S. Tranexamic acid used before caesarean section reduces blood loss based on pre‐ and postoperative hemoglobin level: A case‐control study. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2013;111(3):184‐6. - PubMed

Hoffman 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. Hoffman M, Castagnola D, Naqvi F. A randomized trial of active versus expectant management of the third stage of labor [abstract]. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2006;195(6 Suppl 1):S107.
2. 1. Hoffman M, Naqvi F, Sciscione A. A randomized trial of active versus expectant management of the third stage of labor [abstract]. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2004;191(6 Suppl 1):S82.

Hofmeyr 2004 {published data only}

1. 1. Hofmeyr GJ, Ferreira S, Nikodem VC, Mangesi L, Singata M, Jafta Z, et al. Misoprostol for treating postpartum haemorrhage: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2004;4(1):16. - PMC - PubMed

Howard 1964 {published data only}

1. 1. Howard WF, McFadden PR, Keettel WC. Oxytocic drugs in fourth stage of labor. Journal of the American Medical Association 1964;189:411‐3. - PubMed

Huh 2004 {published data only}

1. 1. Huh W, Chelmow D, Malone FD. A randomized, double‐blinded, placebo controlled trial of oxytocin at the beginning versus the end of the third stage of labor for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2000;182(1 Pt 2):S130. - PubMed
2. 1. Huh WK, Chelmow D, Malone FD. A double‐blinded, randomized, controlled trial of oxytocin at the beginning versus the end of the third stage of labour for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 2004;58(2):72‐6. - PubMed

Hunt 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Hunt BJ. Tranexamic acid for the treatment of postpartum haemorrhage‐preliminary results of the woman trial. Transfusion Medicine 2013;23(Suppl 1):7.

Ilancheran 1990 {published data only}

1. 1. Ilancheran A, Ratnam SS. Effect of oxytocics on prostaglandin levels in the third stage of labour. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 1990;29:177‐80. - PubMed

Irons 1994 {published data only}

1. 1. Irons DW, Sriskandabalan P, Bullough CH. A simple alternative to parenteral oxytocics for the third stage of labor. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1994;46:15‐8. - PubMed

Islam 2008 {published data only}

1. 1. Islam A, Siraj A, Arif N. Post partum hemorrhage prophylaxis; comparison of the efficacy of misoprostol and ergometrine in cesarean delivery. Professional Medical Journal 2008;15(3):323‐7.

Jackson 2001 {published data only}

1. 1. Jackson KW, Allbert JR, Schemmer GK, Elliot M, Humphrey A, Taylor J. A randomized controlled trial comparing oxytocin administration before and after placental delivery in the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2001;185:873‐7. - PubMed

Jagielska 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Jagielska I, Kazdepka‐Zieminska A, Kaczorowska A, Madej A, Kolossa T, Grabiec M. [Evaluation of carbetocin and oxytocin efficacy in prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in women after cesarean section]. [Polish]. Ginekologia Polska 2015;86(9):689‐93. - PubMed

Javadi 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Javadi EH, Sadeghipour Z, Barikani A, Javadi M. Tranexamic acid in the control of uterine atony during labor. Biotechnology and Health Sciences 2015;2(2):e26898.

Jiang 2001 {published data only}

1. 1. Jiang Q, Wang P, Cao W. Effect on different doses of misoprostol to prevent postpartum hemorrhage. Chinese Nursing Research 2001;15(6):313‐4.

Jin 2000 {published data only}

1. 1. Jin LJ, Zhou L. Application of anus misoprostol to decrease the volume of post partum hemorrhage. Journal of Practical Nursing 2000;16(2):9‐10.

Jolivet 1978 {published data only}

1. 1. Jolivet A, Robyn C, Huraux‐Rendu C, Gautray JP. Effect of ergot alkaloid derivatives on milk secretion in the immediate postpartum period. Journal de Gynecologie, Obstetrique et Biologie de la Reproduction 1978;7:129‐34. - PubMed

Jonsson 2010 {published data only}

1. 1. Jonsson M, Hanson U, Lidell C, Norden‐Lindeberg S. ST depression at caesarean section and the relation to oxytocin dose. A randomised controlled trial. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2010;117(1):76‐83. - PubMed
2. 1. Jonsson M, Norden Lindeberg S, Hanson U. ST depression at caesarean section and the relation to oxytocin dose. A randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2009;107(Suppl 2):S214. - PubMed

Kashanian 2010 {published data only}

1. 1. Kashanian M, Fekrat M, Masoomi Z, Sheikh Ansari N. Comparison of active and expectant management on the duration of the third stage of labour and the amount of blood loss during the third and fourth stages of labour:a randomised controlled trial. Midwifery 2010;26:241‐5. - PubMed

Kemp 1963 {published data only}

1. 1. Kemp J. Clinical trial of "syntometrine" in the third stage of labour. British Medical Journal 1963;1(5342):1391‐2. - PMC - PubMed

Khan 1997 {published data only}

1. 1. Khan GQ, John IS, Wani S, Doherty T, Sibai BM. Controlled cord traction versus minimal intervention techniques in delivery of the placenta: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1997;177(4):770‐4. - PubMed

Khan 2003 {published data only}

1. 1. Khan RU, El‐Refaey H. Pharmacokinetics and adverse‐effect profile of rectally administered misoprostol in the third stage of labor. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2003;101(5 Pt 1):968‐74. - PubMed

Khan 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Khan MS, Sinha SK, Sultana T, Singhal S. Comparison of two oxytocin infusions in patients undergoing emergency cesarean sections: A double blind study. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2012;119(Suppl 3):S389.

Khan 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Khan M, Balki M, Ahmed I, Farine D, Searward G, Carvalho JC. Carbetocin at elective cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial to determine the effective dose, part 3 final. Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 45th Annual Meeting; 2013 April 24‐28; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2013:Abstract no: GM 3.

Khanun 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Khanun A, Khanum S. Oral versus rectal misoprostol in the prevention of primary postpartum hemorrage. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2011;5(3):587‐8.

Kikutani 2003a {published data only}

1. 1. Kikutani T, Shimada Y. Effects of methylergometrine and oxytocin on thoracic epidural pressure during cesarean section. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2003;29(3):180‐5. - PubMed

Kikutani 2003b {published data only}

1. 1. Kikutani T, Oshima M, Sugimoto K, Shimada Y. Effects of intravenous infusion rate of oxytocin on thoracic epidural pressure in parturients undergoing elective cesarean section. Journal of Nippon Medical School = Nihon Ika Daigahu Zasshi 2003;70(6):475‐9. - PubMed

Kikutani 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. Kikutani T, Kikutani M, Oshima M, Sugimoto K, Shimada Y. Effects of methylergometrine and oxytocin on blood loss and uterine contraction during cesarean section. Masui ‐ Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2006;55(5):590‐4. - PubMed

King 2010 {published data only}

1. 1. King KJ, Douglas J, Unger W, Wong AB. A randomized double‐blind comparison of a 5 unit intravenous oxytocin bolus versus placebo as a strategy to prevent uterine atony at cesarean section in women who are at increased risk of post‐partum hemorrhage [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):41.
2. 1. King KJ, Douglas J, Unger W, Wong AB, Espinosa V, King RA. 5U bolus oxytocin at cesarean section in women at risk of atony [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):14.
3. 1. King KJ, Douglas MJ, Unger W, Wong A, King RA. Five unit bolus oxytocin at cesarean delivery in women at risk of atony: a randomized, double‐blind, controlled trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010;111(6):1460‐6. - PubMed

Kintu 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Kintu A, Nakubulwa S, Mijumbi C, Kwizera A, Tindimwebwa J. Uterotonic efficacy of oxytocin 2.5 versus 10 units during caesarean section at mulago hospital: a double blinded placebo controlled randomised clinical trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108:ii197‐8.

Kiran 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Kiran S, Anand A, Singh T, Gupta N. Effective dose of oxytocin in caesarean delivery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108:ii195.

Kore 2000 {published data only}

1. 1. Kore S, Srikrishna S, Hegde A, Ambiye VR, Vaidya PR. Active management of third stage of labour with intraumbilical oxytocin injection. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India 2000;50(3):54‐5.

Kovacheva 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Kovacheva VP, Soens MA, Tsen LC. A randomized, double‐blinded trial of a "rule of threes" algorithm versus continuous infusion of oxytocin during elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2015;123(1):92‐100. - PubMed

Kovavisarach 1998 {published data only}

1. 1. Kovavisarach E, Rojsangruang S. Effect of umbilical vein oxytocin injection on the third stage of labor : a randomized controlled study. 9th Congress of the Federation of the Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies; 1996 November 10‐14; Singapore. 1996:59.
2. 1. Kovavisarach E, Rojsangruang S. Effect of umbilical vein oxytocin injection on the third stage of labor: a randomized controlled study. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 1998;81:693‐7. - PubMed

Le 2000 {published data only}

1. 1. Le J. Prevention of postpartum hemorrhage by carboprost and oxytocin in 90 cases analysis. Acta Medicinae Sinica 2000;13(2):140‐1.

Leader 2002 {published data only}

1. 1. Leader J, Bujnovsky M, Carlan SJ, Triana T, Richichi K. Effect of oral misoprostol after second‐trimester delivery: a randomized, blinded study. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2002;100(4):689‐94. - PubMed

Li 2002 {published data only}

1. 1. Li X, Wang H, Wang J, Cao X L, Ma Y. Prophylactic and therapeutic effect of misoprofil plus oxytocin on postpartum hemorrhage in patients with pregnancy‐induced hypertension syndrome. Journal of Postgraduates of Medicine 2002;25(7):34‐5.

Li 2003 {published data only}

1. 1. Li DP, Bei HZ. Clinical study on reduction of postpartum bleeding in the risk factors by misoprostol. Hainan Medical Journal 2003;14(11):11‐2.

Li 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Li H, Afzal A, Lian Q, Kramer GC, Svenson C, Prough D. Restricted fluid therapy decreases surgical blood loss ‐ a clinical study of two fluid regimens during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112:S‐291.
2. 1. Li H, Simon M, Lian Q, Afzal A, Christer Svenson C, Prough D. Restricted fluid therapy decreases surgical blood loss ‐ A clinical study of two fluid regimens during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. American Society of Anesthesiologists Annual Meeting; 2011, October 15‐19; Chicago, Illinois. 2011.

Lin 2009 {published data only}

1. 1. Lin JH, Lin QD, Liu XH, Yan JY, He J, Li L, et al. [Multi‐center study of motherwort injection to prevent postpartum hemorrhage after caesarian section]. [Chinese]. Chung‐Hua Fu Chan Ko Tsa Chih [Chinese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology] 2009;44(3):175‐8. - PubMed

Liu 1997 {published data only}

1. 1. Liu C, Wang D, Li X. Clinical study on reduction of postpartum bleeding by methyl carprost suppository. Chung‐Hua Fu Chan Ko Tsa Chih/Chinese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1997;32(1):22‐4. - PubMed

Liu 2002 {published data only}

1. 1. Liu DY, Fan L, Huang XH. Clinical observation on treatment of postpartum hemorrhage by xuesaitong soft capsule. Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine 2002;22(3):182‐4. - PubMed

Liu 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Liu Y, Chen HX, Kang DL, Kuang XH, Liu WX, Ni J. Influence of dexmedetomidine on incidence of adverse reactions introduced by hemabate in postpartum hemorrhage during cesarean section. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2015;8(8):13776‐82. - PMC - PubMed

Liu 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Liu W, Ma S, Pan W, Tan W. Combination of motherwort injection and oxytocin for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage after cesarean section. Journal of Maternal‐Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2016;29(51):2489‐92. - PubMed

Luamprapas 1994 {published data only}

1. 1. Luamprapas A. A study of umbilical vein administration of oxytocin to shorten the third stage of labor. Chon Buri Hospital Journal 1994;19(2):14‐25.

Maged 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Maged AM, Helal OM, Elsherbini MM, Eid MM, Elkomy RO, Dahab S, et al. A randomized placebo‐controlled trial of preoperative tranexamic acid among women undergoing elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2015;131:265‐8. - PubMed

Makvandi 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Makvandi S, Shoushtari SZ, Hosseini VZ. Management of third stage of labour: A comparison of intraumbilical oxytocin and placental cord drainage. Shiraz E Medical Journal 2013;14(2):83‐90.

Mangla 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Mangla D, Goel JK, Goel R. Prophylactic intramyometrial oxytocin before placenta delivery during cesarean section prevents postpartum hemorrhage: a prospective randomized study of 150 women. Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2012;4(2):93‐6.

Mankuta 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. NCT00405626. Double blind placebo controlled bellis perenis and arnica montana as a drug for PPH. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00405626 (first received: 29 November 2006).

Mansouri 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Mansouri HA, Alsahly N. Rectal versus oral misoprostol for active management of third stage of labor: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2011;283(5):935‐9. - PubMed

Martinez 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. Martinez MM, Lopez Farfan JA, Ramos Alvarez G, Lopez Colombo A. Oxitocin trough umbilical vein to shorten the third stage of labor [Oxitocina transvena umbilical para acortar el tercer periodo de trabajo de parto]. Ginecologia y Obstetricia de Mexico 2006;74(2):89‐94. - PubMed

McGinty 1956 {published data only}

1. 1. McGinty LB. A study of the vasopressor effects of oxytocics when used intravenously in the third stage of labour. Western Journal of Surgery 1956;64:22‐8. - PubMed

Miller 2009 {published data only}

1. 1. Miller S, Tudor C, Thorsten V, Nyima, Kalyang, Sonam, et al. Randomized double masked trial of Zhi Byed 11, a Tibetan traditional medicine, versus misoprostol to prevent postpartum hemorrhage in Lhasa, Tibet. Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health 2009;54(2):133‐41. - PMC - PubMed

Mirghafourvand 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Mirghafourvand M, Alizadeh SM, Abasalizadeh F, Shirdel M. The effect of intravenous tranexamic acid on hemoglobin and hematocrit levels after vaginal delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(60):1‐8.
2. 1. Mirghafourvand M, Mohammad‐Alizadeh S, Abbasalizadeh F, Shirdel M. The effect of prophylactic intravenous tranexamic acid on blood loss after vaginal delivery in women at low risk of postpartum haemorrhage: a double‐blind randomised controlled trial. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2015;55(1):53‐8. - PubMed

Mirteimouri 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Mirteimouri M, Tara F, Teimouri B, Sakhavar N, Vaezi A. Efficacy of rectal misoprostol for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2013; Vol. 12, issue 2:469‐74. - PMC - PubMed

Mockler 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Mockler JC, Malkoutzis V, Davis‐Tuck M, Wallace EM. Oxytocin infusion at elective caesarean section: a double blind, randomised controlled trial. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 2015;51(Suppl 1):54.

Mohamadian 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Mohamadian S, Shorab NJ, Mirzakhani K. The effect of the timing of intramuscular oxytocin injection on maternal bleeding during the third stage of labour. Journal of Midwifery & Reproductive Health 2013;1(2):66‐70.

Mollitt 2009 {published data only}

1. 1. Mollitt C, Ssenoga A, Grassman C, Barclay PM. Randomised controlled trial comparing the effects of oxytocin i.v. bolus vs. oxytocin i.v. infusion on cardiac output during caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S11.

Moore 1956 {published data only}

1. 1. Moore JH. Is methylergonovine tartrate superior to ergonovine maleate. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1956;71:908‐11. - PubMed

Movafegh 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Movafegh A, Eslamian L, Dorabadi A. Effect of intravenous tranexamic acid administration on blood loss during and after cesarean delivery. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2011;115(3):224‐6. - PubMed

Munishankarappa 2009 {published data only}

1. 1. Munishankarappa B, McLeod GA, MacGregor H, Murphy D. Maternal haemodynamic at elective caesarean section following oxytocin 5‐unit bolus and placebo infusion compared to oxytocin 5‐unit bolus and 30‐unit infusion. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S48. - PubMed

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1. 1. Munn MB, Owen J, Hauth J. Oxytocin regimens for the prevention of uterine atony at cesarean delivery [abstract]. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2001;184(1):S14. - PubMed
2. 1. Munn MB, Owen J, Vincent R, Wakefield M, Chestnut DH, Hauth JC. Comparison of two oxytocin regimens to prevent uterine atony at cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2001;98(3):386‐90. - PubMed

Murphy 2009 {published data only}

1. 1. ISRCTN17813715. A randomised controlled trial of oxytocin bolus versus oxytocin bolus and infusion for the control of blood loss at elective caesarean section. isrctn.com/ISRCTN17813715 (first received: 25 March 2008).
2. 1. Murphy DJ, Carey M, Montgomery AA, Sheehan SR, the ECSSITSG. Study protocol. ECSSIT ‐ Elective Caesarean Section Syntocinon Infusion Trial. A multi‐centre randomised controlled trial of oxytocin (Syntocinon) 5 IU bolus and placebo infusion versus oxytocin 5 IU bolus and 40 IU infusion for the control of blood loss at elective caesarean section. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2009;9:36. - PMC - PubMed
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Murphy 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Murphy D, ISRCTN14718882. A study to compare the effectiveness of intravenous oxytocin with intramuscular oxytocin given at the third stage of labour at preventing bleeding at vaginal birth. isrctn.com/ISRCTN14718882 (first received 14 December 2015).

Nankali 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Nankali A, Keshavarzi F, Fakheri T, Zare S, Rezaei M, Daeichin S. Effect of intraumbilical vein oxytocin injection on third stage of labor. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 2013;52(1):57‐60. - PubMed

Narenji 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. IRCT201206099981N1. Comparison the effect of intramuscular injection of oxytocin and nipple stimulation on the third stage of delivery length and bleeding. en.irct.ir/trial/10487?revision=10487 (first received 25 June 2012).

Nelson 1983 {published data only}

1. 1. Nelson GH. Use of 15‐methyl prostaglandin F2alpha postpartum to contract the uterus in normal pregnant women. Journal of the Medical Association of Georgia 1983;72:703‐6. - PubMed

Neri‐Mejia 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Neri‐Mejia M, Pedraza‐Aviles AG. Active management of the third stage of labor: three schemes of oxytocin: randomised clinical trial. Ginecologia y Obstetricia De Mexico 2016;84(5):306‐13. - PubMed

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1. 1. Newton M, Mosey LM, Egli GE, Gifford WB, Hull CT. Blood loss during and immediately after delivery. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1961;17:9‐18. - PubMed

Nguyen‐Lu 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Nguyen‐Lu N, Carvalho J, Farine D, Seaward G, Downey K, Balki M. Carbetocin at cesarean delivery for labor arrest: A randomised controlled trial to determine ED90. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2013;60(Suppl 1):S112.
2. 1. Nguyen‐Lu N, Carvalho JC, Farine D, Seaward G, Ye XY, Balki M. Carbetocin at cesarean delivery for labour arrest: a sequential allocation trial to determine the effective dose. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia//Journal Canadien D'anesthesie 2015;62(8):866‐74. - PubMed

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1. 1. Nieminen U, Jaervinen PA. A comparative study of different medical treatments of the third stage of labour. Annales Chirurgiae et Gynaecologiae Fenniae 1964;53:424‐9. - PubMed

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1. 1. NCT01156194. Effect of a homeopathic remedy on the third stage of delivery: a prospective, randomized, double‐blind study. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01156194 (first received: 1 July 2010).
2. 1. Oberbaum M, Galoyan N, Lerner‐Geva L, Singer SR, Grisaru S, Shashar D, et al. The effect of the homeopathic remedies arnica montana and bellis perennis on mild postpartum bleeding‐‐a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study‐‐preliminary results. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 2005;13(2):87‐90. - PubMed

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1. 1. Oguz Orhan E, Dilbaz B, Aksakal SE, Altinbas S, Erkaya S. Prospective randomized trial of oxytocin administration for active management of the third stage of labor. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2014;127(2):175‐9. - PubMed

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1. 1. Ononge S, Campbell OM, Kaharuza F, Lewis JJ, Fielding K, Mirembe F. Effectiveness and safety of misoprostol distributed to antenatal women to prevent postpartum haemorrhage after child‐births: a stepped‐wedge cluster‐randomized trial. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2015;15:315. - PMC - PubMed

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1. 1. Ozalp E, Tanir HM, Sener T. Dinoprostone vaginal insert versus intravenous oxytocin to reduce postpartum blood loss following vaginal or cesarean delivery. Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology 2010;37(1):53‐5. - PubMed

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1. 1. Ozcan T, Sahin G, Senoz S. The effect of intraumbilical oxytocin on the third stage of labour. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1996;36:9‐11. - PubMed

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1. 1. Ozkaya O, Sezik M, Kaya H, Desdicioglu R, Dittrich R. Placebo‐controlled randomized comparison of vaginal with rectal misoprostol in the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage. Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology Research 2005;31(5):389‐93. - PubMed

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1. 1. Padhy AK, Panigrahi R, Mohapatra KR. Alternative method of active management of 3rd stage of labour with 10 units of intraumbilical oxytocin injection [abstract]. 49th All India Congress of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; 2006 January 6‐9; Cochin, Kerala State, India. 2006:76.

Palacio 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Palacio FJ, Morillas F, Ortiz‐Gomez JR, Fornet I, Bermejo L, Cantalejo F. [Efficacy of low‐dose oxytocin during elective cesarean section]. [Spanish]. Revista Espanola de Anestesiologia y Reanimacion 2011;58(1):6‐10. - PubMed

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1. 1. Paull JD, Ratten GJ. Ergometrine and third stage blood loss. Medical Journal of Australia 1977;1:178‐9.

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1. 1. Pei JL, Zhao DF. Study of the effects of using uterine stimulants on milk secretion during delivery. Zhonghua Hu Li Za Zhi 1996;31(7):384‐5. - PubMed

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1. 1. Perdiou A. The effect of 3rd generation colloids on primary haemostasis in pregnant women. European Hematology Association 14th Annual Congress; 2009 June 4‐7; Berlin, Germany. 2009.
2. 1. Perdiou A, Kousoulakou A, Papadopoulou G, Leveta G, Trigka A, Andromida M, et al. The effect of 3rd generation colloids on primary haemostasis in pregnant women. Haematologica 2009;94(s2):527, Abstract no. 1334.

Phromboot 2010 {published data only}

1. 1. Phromboot T. Efficacy of intraumbilical vein methylergonovine maleate on duration of third stage of labor. Thai Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2010;20:29‐33.

Pierre 1992 {published data only}

1. 1. Pierre F, Mesnard L, Body G. For a systematic policy of iv oxytocin inducted placenta deliveries in a unit where a fairly active management of third stage of labour is yet applied: results of a controlled trial. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 1992;43:131‐5. - PubMed

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1. 1. Pinder AJ, Dresner M, Calow C, ORiordan J, Johnson R. Haemodynamic changes caused by oxytocin during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2002;11:156‐9. - PubMed

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1. 1. Pisani I, Tiralongo GM, Gagliardi G, Scala RL, Todde C, Frigo MG, et al. The maternal cardiovascular effect of carbetocin compared to oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section. Pregnancy Hypertension 2012;2(2):139‐42. - PubMed

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1. 1. Porter KB, O'Brien WF, Bruskivage L, Collins MK, Knuppel RA, Givens P. Prospective randomized study on the effects of umbilical vein oxytocin on puerperal blood loss, length of the third stage of labor and on alpha‐fetoprotein levels. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1991;164:326.
2. 1. Porter KB, O'Brien WF, Collins MK, Givens P, Knuppel R, Bruskivage L. A randomized comparison of umbilical vein and intravenous oxytocin during the puerperium. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1991;78:254‐6. - PubMed

Priya 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Priya GP, Veena P, Chaturvedula L, Subitha L. A randomized controlled trial of sublingual misoprostol and intramuscular oxytocin for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2015;292(6):1231‐7. - PubMed

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1. 1. Puri M, Taneja P, Gami N, Rehan HS. Effects of different doses of intraumbilical oxytocin on the third stage of labor. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2012;118(3):210‐2. - PubMed

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1. 1. Qiu H, Zhu H, Ouyang W. Clinical study on chanlibao in accelerating second stage of labor [Chinese]. Chung‐Kuo Chung Hsi i Chieh Ho Tsa Chih 1998;18:214‐6. - PubMed
2. 1. Qiu H, Zhu H, Ouyang W, Wang Z, Sun H. Clinical effects and mechanism of chanlibao in accelerating second stage of labor. Journal of Tongji Medical University 1999;19(2):141‐4. - PubMed

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1. 1. Quiroga Diaz R, Cantu Mata R, Tello Gutierrez HE, Puente Villalobos M, Montemayor Garza R, Martinez Mendoza A. Intrauterine misoprostol for the prevention of bleeding cesarean. Ginecologia y Obstetricia de Mexico 2009;77(10):469‐74. - PubMed

Ragab 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Ragab A, Barakat R, Alsammani MA. A randomized clinical trial of preoperative versus postoperative misoprostol in elective cesarean delivery. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2016;132(1):82‐4. - PubMed

Raghavan 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Raghavan S, Geller S, Miller S, Goudar SS, Anger H, Yadavannavar MC, et al. Misoprostol for primary versus secondary prevention of postpartum haemorrhage: a cluster‐randomised non‐inferiority community trial. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2016;123:120‐7. - PMC - PubMed

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1. 1. Rahbar N, Mirjan N, Ghorbani R. Comparison of sublingual misoprostol and intravenous oxytocin in the management of hemorrhage after cesarean section. Middle East Journal of Rehabilitation and Health Studies 2018;5(1):e62025.

Rajwani 2000 {published data only}

1. 1. Rajwani J, Survana K. Active management of third stage of labor ‐ a comparative study [abstract]. XVI FIGO World Congress of Obstetrics & Gynecology (Book 3); 2000 Sept 3‐8; Washington DC, USA. 2000:54.

Ray 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Ray D, Ghosh S, Bhattacharya S, Mandal RD, Basak A. Oxytocin administration during caesarian delivery: comparison between bolus versus infusion. Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 44th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 2‐5; Monterey, USA. 2012:T‐26.

Razali 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Razali N, Md Latar IL, Chan YK, Omar SZ, Tan PC. Carbetocin compared to oxytocin in emergency cesarean section: a randomized trial. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology 2016;198:35‐9. - PubMed

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1. 1. Reddy VV, Carey JC. Effect of umbilical vein oxytocin on puerperal blood loss and length of the third stage of labor. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1989;160(1):206‐8. - PubMed

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1. 1. Rezk M. A randomized clinical trial of sublingual versus rectal misoprostol for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in low resource settings. pactr.org/ATMWeb/appmanager/atm/atmregistry?dar=true&tNo=PACTR2018020031... (first received 27 February 2018).

Rooney 1985 {published data only}

1. 1. Rooney I, Hughes P, Calder AA. Is routine administration of syntometrine still justified in the management of the third stage of labour?. Health Bulletin 1985;43:99‐101. - PubMed

Rosales‐Ortiz 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Rosales‐Ortiz S. Prophylaxis of obstetric haemorrhage: Experience using carbetocin vs. oxytocin in patients with risk factors for postpartum haemorrhage. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013;41(Suppl 1):140.
2. 1. Rosales‐Ortiz S, Aguado RP, Hernandez RS, Castorena M, Cristobal FL, Gonzalez MC, et al. Carbetocin versus oxytocin for prevention of postpartum haemorrhage: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2014;383:S51.

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1. 1. Rouse D, Abramovici A, Szychowski J, Seals S, Andrews W, Hauth J, et al. Oxytocin dose‐regimens to prevent uterine atony after vaginal delivery: does treatment efficacy vary by risk status?. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2011;204(1 Suppl):S50‐S51.

Sadeghipour 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. IRCT2013052613473N1. The role of tranexamic acid in management of uterine atony during delivery. en.search.irct.ir/view/13710 (first received: 14 July 2013).

Saito 2007 {published data only}

1. 1. Saito K, Haruki A, Ishikawa H, Takahashi T, Nagase H, Koyama M, et al. Prospective study of intramuscular ergometrine compared with intramuscular oxytocin for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2007;33(3):254‐8. - PubMed

Sallam 2018 {published data only}

1. 1. Sallam HF Shady NW. Adjunctive sublingual misoprostol for secondary prevention of post‐partum hemorrhage during cesarean delivery: double blind placebo randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 2018;7(2):495‐502.

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1. 1. Samuels N, Oberbaum M. The effect of the homoeopathic remedies arnica montana and bellis perennis on postpartum bleeding ‐ a randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study [abstract]. Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies 2005;10 Suppl 1:47. - PubMed

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1. 1. Sangkhomkhamhang U, ACTRN12612000624886. A randomised controlled trial of intravenous versus intramuscular oxytocin in the management of third stage of labor. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=12612000624886 (first received 12 June 2012).

Sariganont 1999 {published data only}

1. 1. Sariganont J. Comparative study between syntocinon and methergin in prevention of postpartum hemorrhage. Thai Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1999;11(4):248.

Sarna 1997 {published data only}

1. 1. Sarna MC, Soni AK, Gomez M, Oriol NE. Intravenous oxytocin in patients undergoing elective cesarean section [see comments]. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997;84(4):753‐6. - PubMed

Sartain 2008 {published data only}

1. 1. Sartain JB, Barry JJ, Howat PW, McCormack DI, Bryant M. Intravenous oxytocin bolus of 2 units is superior to 5 units during elective caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;101(6):822‐6. - PubMed

Savitha 2017 {published data only}

1. 1. Savitha A Sarita H Kashinath G. Randomized controlled trial of rectal misoprostol and intramuscular oxytocin in the prevention of PPH. International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 2017;6(5):1101‐3.

Schaefer 2004 {published data only}

1. 1. Schaefer A, Klein L, Wolfe P, Heindricks G, Downs L, Guinn D. Double blind rct of early versus traditional oxytocin management in the third stage to prevent blood loss [abstract]. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2004;191(6 Suppl 1):S69.

Schemmer 2001 {published data only}

1. 1. Schemmer G. A randomized controlled trial comparing prophylactic administration of oxytocin before and after placental delivery in the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage [abstract]. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2001;184(1):S20. - PubMed

Sekhavat 2009 {published data only}

1. 1. Sekhavat L, Tabatabaii A, Dalili M, Farajkhoda T, Tafti AD. Efficacy of tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss after cesarean section. Journal of Maternal‐Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2009;22(1):72‐5. - PubMed

Sentilhes 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. NCT02302456. Tranexamic acid for preventing postpartum haemorrhage following a vaginal delivery (TRAAP). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02302456 (first received: 17 November 2014).
2. 1. Sentilhes L, Daniel V, Darsonval A, Deruelle P, Vardon D, Perrotin F, et al. Study protocol. TRAAP ‐ TRAnexamic Acid for Preventing postpartum hemorrhage after vaginal delivery: a multicenter randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2015;15:135. - PMC - PubMed

Senturk 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Senturk MB, Cakmak Y, Yildiz G, Yildiz P. Tranexamic acid for cesarean section: a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomized clinical trial. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2013;287(4):641‐5. - PubMed

Senturk 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Senturk S, Kagitci M, Balik G, Arslan H, Kir Sahin F. The effect of the combined use of methylergonovine and oxytocin during caesarean section in the prevention of post‐partum haemorrhage. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology 2016;118(5):338‐43. - PubMed

Shahid 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Shahid A, Khan A. Tranexamic acid in decreasing blood loss during and after caesarean section. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons‐‐Pakistan : JCPSP 2013; Vol. 23, issue 7:459‐62. - PubMed

Sharma 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Sharma M, Kaur P, Kaur K, Kaur A, Kaur PK, Kaur MM. A comparative study of oxytocin/misoprostol/methylergometrine for active management of the third stage of labor. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India 2014;64(3):175‐9. - PMC - PubMed

Sheehan 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Sheehan S, Carey M, Murphy D. A cohort study of 500 patients recruited to ECSSIT ‐ Elective Caesarean Section Syntocinon Infusion Trial. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2009;107(Suppl 2):S492.
2. 1. Sheehan S, Montgomery AA, Carey M, McAuliffe F, Eogan M, Gleeson R, et al. Ecssit‐elective caesarean section Syntocinon infusion trial a multicentre randomized controlled trial of oxytocin (Syntocinon) 5 IU bolus and placebo infusion versus oxytocin 5 IU bolus and 40 IU infusion for the control of blood loss at elective caesarean section. Irish Journal of Medical Science 2011;180(Suppl 4):S119.
3. 1. Sheehan SR, Montgomery AA, Carey M, McAuliffe FM, Eogan M, Gleeson R, et al. Oxytocin bolus versus oxytocin bolus and infusion for control of blood loss at elective caesarean section: Double blind, placebo controlled, randomised trial. BMJ 2011;343(7819):d4661. - PMC - PubMed

Shirazi 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. IRCT201204079399N1. A placebo‐controlled clinical trial to assess efficacy of tranexamic acid in reducing hemorrhage after vaginal delivery. en.search.irct.ir/view/9264 (first received: 15 November 2012).

Shrestha 2007 {published data only}

1. 1. Shrestha P, Babu CS. Influence of umbilical vein oxytocin on blood loss and length of third stage of labour. Nepal Medical College Journal 2007;9(3):176‐8. - PubMed

Shrestha 2008 {published data only}

1. 1. Shrestha A, Urala MS, Upreti D, Niraula S. Comparison of intramyometrial and intramuscular 15 methyl PGF2x against traditional prophylactic intramuscular methergin for the active management of third stage of labor. Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2008;3(2):35‐9.

Singh 2005 {published data only}

1. 1. Singh N, Singh U. Methylergometrine and carboprost tromethamine prophylaxis for postpartum hemorrhage. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of India 2005;55(4):325‐8.

Siriwarakul 1991 {published data only}

1. 1. Siriwarakul W. A study of umbilical vein administration of oxytocin to shorten the third stage of labor. Chon Buri Hospital Journal 1991;16(1):40‐51.

Soiva 1964 {published data only}

1. 1. Soiva K, Koistinen O. Clinical experience with simultaneous intramuscular injection of oxytocin and methylergometrine. Annales Chirurgiae et Gynaecologiae Fenniae 1964;53:173‐8. - PubMed

Soleimani 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Soleimani Z, Naini AA. The effectiveness of sublingual misoprostol in prevention of bleeding during cesarean delivery. [Persian]. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2014; Vol. 17, issue 125:1‐7.

Sorbe 1978 {published data only}

1. 1. Sorbe B. Active pharmacologic management of the third stage of labor. A comparison of oxytocin and ergometrine. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1978;52:694‐7. - PubMed

Soriano 1995 {published data only}

1. 1. Soriano D, Dulitzki M, Schiff E, Barkai G, Seidman DS. A randomized prospective trial of oxytocin plus ergometrin versus oxytocin alone for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1995;172(1 Pt 2):361.

Sreelatha 2017 {published data only}

1. 1. Sreelatha S, Nethra HS, Nadagoudar S, Ambastha V, Rajeshwari. A comparative study of different route of administration of misoprostol in the management of third stage of labour. International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 2017;6(9):3865‐71.

Stearn 1963 {published data only}

1. 1. Stearn RH. Syntometrine in the management of the third stage of labour. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Commonwealth 1963;70:593‐6. - PubMed

Svanstrom 2008 {published data only}

1. 1. Svanstrom MC, Biber B, Hanes M, Johansson G, Naslund U, Balfors EM. Signs of myocardial ischaemia after injection of oxytocin: a randomized double‐blind comparison of oxytocin and methylergometrine during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008;100(5):683‐9. - PubMed

Swapnika 2018 {published data only}

1. 1. Swapnika D, Prema Priya G, Senthil Priya S, Allirathinam AS. A comparative study between intramuscular oxytocin and intramuscular methyl ergometrine in the active management of third stage of labour. International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 2018;7(5):1943‐8.

Symes 1984 {published data only}

1. 1. Symes JB. A study on the effect of ergometrine on serum prolactin levels following delivery. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1984;5:36‐8.

Taj 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. Taj N, Firdous A, Akhtar N, Chaudhary MH, Sarah, Bajwa Z, et al. Efficacy of tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss during and after cesarean section [Nergis Taj, Ahsan Firdaus, Nadeem Akhtar, Muhammad Hamid Chaudhary, Sarah, Zunaira Bajwa, Ehsan Ullah.]. Rawal Medical Journal 2014;39(3):311‐3.

Takagi 1976 {published data only}

1. 1. Takagi S, Yoshida T, Togo Y, Tochigi H, Abe M, Sakata H, et al. The effects of intramyometrial injection of prostaglandin F2alpha on severe post‐partum hemorrhage. Prostaglandins 1976;12(4):565‐79. - PubMed

Tali 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Tali K, Ignacio Alensuela A. The effect of prophylactic intravenous tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss after vaginal delivery in women at low risk of postpartum haemorrhage: A prospective, randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2016;56(Suppl 1):61.

Tanir 2009 {published data only}

1. 1. Tanir H, Sener T, Ozalp E. Dinoprostone vaginal insert versus intravenous oxytocin to reduce the postpartum blood loss following vaginal or cesarean delivery. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2009;107(Suppl 2):S506‐7. - PubMed

Tarabrin 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Tarabrin O, Kaminskiy V, Galich S, Tkachenko R, Gulyaev A, Shcherbakov S, et al. Efficacy of tranexamic acid in decreasing blood loss during cesarean section. Critical Care 2012;16 Suppl 1:S157.

Tariq 2015b {published data only}

1. 1. Tariq N, Khakwani M, Parveen R. Effectiveness of misoprostol in the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2015;9(1):268‐70.

Tehseen 2008 {published data only}

1. 1. Tehseen F, Anwar A, Arfat Y. Intraumbilical veinous injection oxytocin in the active management of third stage of labour. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons‐‐Pakistan 2008;18(9):551‐4. - PubMed

Terry 1970 {published data only}

1. 1. Terry MF. A management of the third stage to reduce feto‐maternal transfusion. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Commonwealth 1970;77:129‐32. - PubMed

Tessier 2000 {published data only}

1. 1. Tessier JL, Davies GA, Woodman MC, Lipson A. Maternal hemodynamics after oxytocin bolus versus infusion in the third stage of labor. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2000;182(1 Pt 2):S128. - PubMed

Tharakan 2008 {published data only}

1. 1. Tharakan T, Jha J. Randomized double blind prospective trial of active management of the third stage of labor. Archives of Medical Science 2008;4(1):79‐82.
2. 1. Tharakan T, Jha J. Randomized double‐blind prospective trial of active management of the third stage of labor [abstract]. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2007;109(4 Suppl):1S.

Thomas 2007 {published data only}

1. 1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of intravenous bolus or infusion of oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2006;15 Suppl 1:S13.
2. 1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM. Haemodynamic effects of oxytocin given as i.v. bolus or infusion on women undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007;98(1):116‐9. - PubMed

Thornton 1988 {published data only}

1. 1. Thornton S, Davison JM, Baylis PH. Plasma oxytocin during third stage of labour: comparison of natural and active management. BMJ 1988;297:167‐9. - PMC - PubMed
2. 1. Thornton S, Davison JM, Baylis PH. Plasma oxytocin in the third stage of human labour with and without syntometrine [abstract]. Clinical Science 1987;73 Suppl 17:2P.

Tita 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Tita AT, Szychowski JM, Rouse DJ, Bean CM, Chapman V, Nothern A, et al. Higher‐dose oxytocin and hemorrhage after vaginal delivery: A randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;119(2 Pt 1):293‐300. - PMC - PubMed

Tripti 2009 {published data only}

1. 1. Tripti N, Balram S. 400 ug oral misoprostol versus 0.2mg intravenous methyl ergometrine for the active management of third stage of labor. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India 2009;59(3):228‐34.

Tudor 2006 {published data only}

1. 1. Tudor C, Miller S, Nyima, Sonam, Droyoung, Varner M. Preliminary progress report: randomized double‐blind trial of Zhi Byed 11, a Tibetan traditional medicine, versus misoprostol to prevent postpartum hemorrhage in Lhasa, Tibet. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2006;94(Suppl 2):S145‐6. - PubMed

Ugwu 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Ugwu IA, Oluwasola TA, Enabor OO, Anayochukwu‐Ugwu NN, Adeyemi AB, Olayemi OO. Randomized controlled trial comparing 200mug and 400mug sublingual misoprostol for prevention of primary postpartum hemorrhage. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2016;133:173‐7. - PubMed

Van den Enden 2009 {published data only}

1. 1. Enden E, Lahousse J, Devlieger R, Vandermeersch E, Velde M. Haemodynamic effects of a bolus or infusion of oxytocin: a randomised double‐blind trial. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2009;18(Suppl 1):S45. - PubMed

Vasegh 2005 {published data only}

1. 1. Vasegh FR, Bahiraie A, Mahmoudi M, Salehi L. Comparison of active and physiologic management of third stage of labor. HAYAT: The Journal of Tehran Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery 2005;10(23):102.

Vaughan Williams 1974 {published data only}

1. 1. Vaughan Williams CA, Johnson A, Ledward R. A comparison of central venous pressure changes in the third stage of labour following oxytocic drugs and diazepam. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Commonwealth 1974;81:596‐9. - PubMed

Ventoskovskiy 1990 {published data only}

1. 1. Ventoskovskiy BM, Popov AV. Homoeopathy as a practical alternative to traditional obstetrics methods. British Homoeopathic Journal 1990;79:201‐5.

Vogel 2004 {published data only}

1. 1. Vogel D, Burkhardt T, Rentsch K, Schweer H, Watzer B, Zimmerman R, et al. Misoprostol versus methylergometrine: pharmacokinetics in human milk. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2004;191:2168‐73. - PubMed

Wallace 2007 {published data only}

1. 1. Wallace EM. A double‐blind randomised controlled trial of oxytocin bolus plus placebo infusion versus oxytocin bolus plus oxytocin infusion at elective caesarean section. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=12607000631404 (first received 12 December 2007).

Walraven 2005 {published data only}

1. 1. Walraven G, Blum J, Dampha Y, Sowe M, Morison L, Winikoff B, et al. Misoprostol in the management of the third stage of labour in the home delivery setting in rural Gambia: a randomised controlled trial. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2005;112:1277‐83. - PubMed

Wang 2000 {published data only}

1. 1. Wang BI, Du JM. Clinical study on reduction of postpartum bleeding using carprost suppository. Henan Medical Research 2000;9(2):155‐6.

Wang 2018 {published data only}

1. 1. Wang Y. Therapeutic efficacy and safety of carbetocin on postpartum hemorrhage. chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=26431 (first received 11 April 2018).

Weeks 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. Frye L, Durocher J, Weeks A, Ditai J, Ononge S, Faragher B, et al. On the trail of misoprostol in the community: A secondary analysis of self‐administered misoprostol for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in Uganda. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2015;131(Suppl 5):E354‐5.
2. 1. Weeks A, Ditai J, Ononge S, Faragher B, Mirembe F, Byamugisha J, et al. Self‐administered misoprostol to prevent bleeding after homebirths in Uganda: a placebo‐controlled randomised trial. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2013;120:76.
3. 1. Weeks AD, Ditai J, Ononge S, Faragher B, Frye LJ, Durocher J, et al. The MamaMiso study of self‐administered misoprostol to prevent bleeding after childbirth in rural Uganda: a community‐based, placebo‐controlled randomised trial. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2015;15(1):219. - PMC - PubMed

Weihong 1998 {published data only}

1. 1. Weihong H, Hanrong C, Hong L, Linan C. Preventing of postpartum haemorrhage by carboprost methylate suppository administered through vagina or sublingually. Acta Academiae Medicinae Shanghai 1998;25:137‐9.

Weiss 1975 {published data only}

1. 1. Weiss G, Klein S, Shenkman L, Kataoka K, Hollander CS. Effect of methylergonovine on puerperal prolactin secretion. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1975;46:209‐10. - PubMed

Wellmann 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Wellmann S, Koslowski A, Spanaus K, Zimmermann R, Burkhardt T. Fetal release of copeptin in response to maternal oxytocin administration: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2016;128(4):699‐703. - PubMed

Wetta 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Wetta L, Szychowski J, Seals S, Mancuso M, Hauth J, Tita A. Risk factors for uterine atony at vaginal delivery: a comprehensive evaluation. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2011;204(1 Suppl):S71‐2.
2. 1. Wetta LA, Szychowski JM, Seals S, Mancuso MS, Biggio JR, Tita AT. Risk factors for uterine atony/postpartum hemorrhage requiring treatment after vaginal delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2013;209(1):51e1‐6. - PMC - PubMed

Winikoff 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. NCT01608958. Intravenous and intramuscular administration of oxytocin in the third stage of labor for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01608958 (first received: 29 May 2012).

Winikoff 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Winikoff B, Dzuba I, Carroli G, NCT02954068. Intravenous versus intramuscular administration of oxytocin and its relationship with postpartum bleeding and other clinical signs: a randomized placebo‐controlled study. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02954068 (first received 28 October 2016).

Wong 2005a {published data only}

1. 1. NCT00257803. Does the rapid intravenous administration of oxytocin after delivery of the baby decrease the bleeding during cesarean section in women at risk of bleeding during cesarean section?. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00257803 (first received: 21 November 2005).

Wong 2005b {published data only}

1. 1. NCT01710566. Misoprostol and oxytocin in Uniject® for postpartum hemorrhage prevention in communities. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01710566 (first received: 8 May 2012).

Wright 2005 {published data only}

1. 1. NCT00147420. RCT of Zhi Byed 11 (ZB11) Versus Misoprostol in Tibet. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00147420 (first received 7 September 2005).

Wu 2007 {published data only}

1. 1. Wu LF, Liu Y, Ruan Y. Clinical study on prevention of postpartum hemorrhage of cesarean section using hemabat in high risk pregnant women. Chinese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 2007;42(9):577‐81. - PubMed

Xu 2003 {published data only}

1. 1. Xu H. Misoprostol on preventing postpartum bleeding in cesarean. Hebei Medicine 2003;9(9):806‐7.

Xu 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Xu J, Gao W, Ju Y. Tranexamic acid for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage after cesarean section: a double‐blind randomization trial. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2013;287(3):463‐8. - PubMed

Yamaguchi 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. Yamaguchi ET, Cardoso MM, Torres ML, Nascimento RC, Ribeiro MC, Frerichs E, et al. Serum oxytocin concentrations in elective caesarean delivery: a randomized comparison of three infusion regimens. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2011;20(3):224‐8. - PubMed

Yan 2000 {published data only}

1. 1. Yan WG, Ling MX, Mao HY. Clinical study on reduction of postpartum bleeding in cesarean operation by misoprostol. Journal of Zhenjiang Medical College 2000;10(3):440‐1.

Yang 2001 {published data only}

1. 1. Yang H, Zheng S, Shi C. [Clinical study on the efficacy of tranexamic acid in reducing postpartum blood lose: a randomized comparative, multicenter trial] [Chinese]. Chung‐Hua Fu Chan Ko Tsa Chih [Chinese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology] 2001;36(10):590‐2. - PubMed

Young 1988 {published data only}

1. 1. Young SB, Martelly PD, Greb L, Considine G, Coustan DR. The effect of intraumbilical oxytocin on the third stage of labor. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1988;71:736‐8. - PubMed

Zamora 1999 {published data only}

1. 1. Zamora LA. A randomized controlled trial of oxytocin administered at the end of the second stage of labor versus oxytocin administered at the end of the third stage of labor in the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage. Philippine Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1999;23(4):125‐33. - PubMed

Zaporozhan 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Zaporozhan V, Tarabrin O, Gavrychenko D, Mazurenko G, Saleh O, Lyoshenko I. Effcacy of tranexamic acid in decreasing blood loss during cesarean section. Critical Care 2013;17(Suppl 2):S135‐6.

Zhao 1998 {published data only}

1. 1. Zhao Y, Li X, Peng Y. Clinical study on reduction of postpartum bleeding in cesarean section by misoprostol. Chung‐Hua Fu Chan Ko Tsa Chih [Chinese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology] 1998;33:403‐5. - PubMed

Zhao 2003 {published data only}

1. 1. Zhao SF, Sun XF. Clinical study on preventing and curing postpartum hemorrhage in the third stage of labor. Journal of Practical Obstetrics and Gynecology 2003;19(5):278‐80.

Zhou 1994 {published data only}

1. 1. Zhou HL, Zhang L. Study on the effect of third stage of labor through different channels of injection of oxytocin. Chinese Journal of Nursing 1994;29(8):453‐5.

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abdel‐Aleem 1997 {published data only}

1. 1. Abdel‐Aleem H. [Personal communication] Management of the third stage of labour with carboprost trometamol in high risk patients for postpartum haemorrhage. Letter to: Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth, Liverpool, UK 1997.
2. 1. Abdel‐Aleem H, Mostafa SA, Makarem MH, Abol‐Oyoun EM, Makhlouf A, Shoukry M. Management of the third stage of labour with carboprost trometamol in high risk patients for postpartum hemorrhage. Research Activities on Reproductive Health: Annual Report of Assiut University Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology November 1997. Assiut University, Faculty of Medicine, 1997:75.

Alli 2013 {published data only}

1. 1. Alli QO. Comparing effectiveness of sublingual misoprostol with oxytocin infusion to reduce blood loss at caesarean section: double blind, randomised study. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2013;120:77‐8.

Amornpetchakul 2017 {published data only}

1. 1. Amornpetchakul P, Lertbunnaphong T, Boriboonhiransarn D, Leetheeragul J, Sirisomboon R, Jiraprasertwong R. Efficacy of intravenous 100 mcg carbetocin versus intravenous 5 units oxytocin for prevention of immediate postpartum hemorrhage after normal vagina delivery among high risk pregnancies; a triple‐blinded randomized controlled trial. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2017;43:24‐5.
2. 1. Lertbunnaphong T. Efficacy of intravenous 100 mcg carbetocin versus intravenous 5 units oxytocin for prevention of immediate postpartum hemorrhage after normal vagina delivery among high risk pregnancies; a triple‐blinded randomized controlled trial. clinicaltrials.in.th/index.php?tp=regtrials&menu=trialsearch&smenu=fullt... (first received 15 July 2016).

Beigi 2009 {published data only}

1. 1. Beigi A, Tabarestani H, Moini A, Zarrinkoub F, Kazempour M, Hadian Amree A. [Sublingual misoprostol versus intravenous oxytocin in the management of postpartum hemorrhage]. Tehran University Medical Journal 2009;67(8):556‐61.

Muller 1996 {published data only}

1. 1. Muller R, Beck G. Active management of the third stage of labour. 19th Swiss Congress of the Swiss Society of Gynecology and Obstetrics; 1996 June; Interlaken, Switzerland. 1996.

Norchi 1988 {published data only}

1. 1. Norchi S, Beretta E, Zanini A, Bottino S. Prevention of primary post‐partum haemorrhage (PPH). Controlled clinical trial: Sulprostone vs Metilergometrina. 12th FIGO World Congress of Gynecology and Obstetrics; 1988 October 23‐28; Brazil. 1988.

Rabow 2017 {published data only}

1. 1. Rabow S, Jonsson E, Jonsson H, Olofsson P. Cardiovascular effects of oxytocin and carbetocin at caesarean section, a prospective double‐blind randomised study using non‐invasive pulse wave analysis. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2017; Vol. 61, issue 8:1053.

Roy 2017 {published data only}

1. 1. Roy R Vernekar M. Comparative study on effect of misoprostol and oxytocin in the active management of third stage of labor in a tertiary hospital in Manipur, India. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2017;8(4):376‐81.

Said 2017 {published data only}

1. 1. Said SK. A comparative study of rectal misoprostol to oxytocin infusion during cesarean delivery to reduce intra operative & postoperative blood loss. Al‐Kufa Journal for Biology 2017;9(3):55‐62.

Shrivasatava 2012 {published data only}

1. 1. Shrivasatava DD, Khamsara D. Critical evaluation of sublingual misoprostol and methyl ergometrine in active management of third stage of labour. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2012;119(Suppl 3):S484.

Sunil 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. Sunil Kumar KS, Shyam S, Batakurki P. Carboprost versus oxytocin for active management of third stage of labor: a prospective randomized control study. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of India 2016;66(Suppl 1):S229‐34. - PMC - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

Balki 2017 {published data only}

1. 1. NCT03168698. Carbetocin vs. oxytocin at elective cesarean section: a double‐blind, randomized controlled non‐inferiority trial of high and low dose regimens. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03168698 (first received 30 May 2017).

Draycott 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. NCT02216383. Intramuscular oxytocics: a comparison study of intramuscular carbetocin, syntocinon and syntometrine for the third stage of labour following vaginal birth (IMox). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02216383 (first received 15 August 2014).

Gomez 2011 {published data only}

1. 1. ACTRN12610000550000. Comparison of the effectiveness of carbetocin vs oxytocin in managing the third stage of labor in a group of women with risk factors for postpartum hemorrhage. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=335628 (first received 25 June 2010).

Goudar 2016 {published data only}

1. 1. CTRI/2016/06/006996. Effect of carbetocin RTS vs oxytocin for preventing postpartum hemorrhage on post‐delivery hemoglobin: a randomized controlled trial. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=10619 (first received 6 June 2016).

Kalahroudi 2010a {published data only}

1. 1. IRCT138810212854N2. Comparison effect of carbetocine and syntometrin in prevention of post partum hemorrhage. en.search.irct.ir/view/2059 (first received 15 March 2010).

Kalahroudi 2010b {published data only}

1. 1. IRCT201008212854N5. Comparison of the effect of rectal misoprostol and syntometrin in prevention of post partum hemorrhage. en.search.irct.ir/view/3932 (first received 9 September 2010).

Maged 2018 {published data only}

1. 1. NCT03556852. Carbetocin versus rectal misoprostol for management of third stage of labor in women at low risk of postpartum hemorrhage. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03556852 (first received 14 June 2018).

Moradi 2010 {published data only}

1. 1. IRCT138812223548N1. Comparison of misoprostol and oxytocin in reduction of postpartum hemorrhage. en.search.irct.ir/view/2616 (first received 29 May 2010).

Sweed 2014 {published data only}

1. 1. NCT02083107. Comparison between rectal and sublingual misoprostol before caesarian section to reduce intra & post‐operative blood loss. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02083107 (first received 7 March 2014).

Thakur 2015 {published data only}

1. 1. CTRI/2015/06/005918. Efficacy of oxytocin, misoprostol, 15‐methylprostaglandinF2alpha and methylergometrine in active management of third stage of labor. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=10133 (first received 16 June 2015).

Additional references

Alkema 2016

1. 1. Alkema L, Chou D, Hogan D, Zhang S, Moller AB, Gemmill A, et al. Global, regional, and national levels and trends in maternal mortality between 1990 and 2015, with scenario‐based projections to 2030: a systematic analysis by the UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter‐Agency Group. Lancet 2016;387:462‐74. - PMC - PubMed

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Which measure would be least effective in preventing postpartum haemorrhage?

Which measurement best describes postpartum hemorrhage?

Which of the following complications is most likely responsible for a postpartum hemorrhage?

Which is the most common cause for excessive blood loss after childbirth?