Presentation on theme: "The Social-Cognitive Perspective Module 59. Social-Cognitive Perspective Albert Bandura (1925- ) Emphasizes interaction of our traits with our situations."— Presentation transcript: 1 The Social-Cognitive Perspective Module 59 Show
2 Social-Cognitive Perspective Albert Bandura (1925- ) Emphasizes interaction of our traits with our situations Must consider the
situation and thoughts before, during, and after an event How do your thoughts, behaviors & environment influence your personality?
3 Social Cognitive differs from other Perspectives in Three Ways: 1.It relies heavily on
experimental findings 2.It emphasizes conscious, self-regulating behavior 3.It emphasizes that our sense of self (personality) can vary, depending on our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in a given situation.
4 Reciprocal Determinism: Three Factors Shape
Personality An interaction of three factors: –The environment –Behaviors & experiences –Thoughts or cognitions We develop personality by choosing which environment to be in, which exposes us to certain situations, which in turn leads us make certain choices, which leads us to choose an environment… 5 Reciprocal Determinism
6 Reciprocal Determinism Example 7 8 Reciprocal Determinism: Learned Helplessness The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated bad events Martin Seligman studied dogs that were unable to escape a painful stimulus and eventually stopped trying to escape.
9 Learned Helplessness Reciprocal Determinism 10 Personality is Studied at Multiple Levels
11 Cognitive Influences on Personality: Attributional Style Personal Control – Who is in control? –Us or the Environment? Pessimistic – Expect bad things to happen. –Attribute poor performance to lack of ability/internal factors Optimistic – Expect good things to happen. –Attribute poor
performance to external factors 12 Pessimistic vs Optimistic
13 Combating Pessimism: So you failed the test… How you think about
it matters… Alternative Seeking – Develop an alternative explanation that is more optimistic Evidence Seeking – Cite evidence that disputes negative thoughts like, “I’m stupid.” De-Catastrophizing – Come up with reasons why this is not the “End of the world.” 14 Too Much Optimism? Realistic Anxiety over possible future failures can motivate us to act
to avoid it. –Study to avoid failing a test. –Success requires enough optimism to believe your studying will work but also enough pessimism to prevent complacency Excessive Optimism blinds us to real risks –We become more impulsive assuming bad things won’t happen to us (unprotected sex won’t result in VD or pregnancy) –Illusory Optimism about our Groups – This is the Year the Lions will win the Super Bowl!
15 Blind to One’s Incompetence Dunning-Kruger Effect “Illusory Superiority” People who are bad at something often think they are good at it. Ignorance of what they don’t know allows them to stay confident in their own abilities.
16 Evaluation of Social Cognitive Perspective Well grounded in empirical,
laboratory research However, laboratory experiences are rather simple and may not reflect the complexity of human interactions Too much focus on situation – doesn’t focus enough on the influences of unconscious motives, emotions & traits 17 Freud vs. Bandura on Human Aggression Freud – Human aggression is a universal unconscious instinct controlled by the
superego and restraints of society. Bandura – All behavior is driven by conscious goals and motives. Aggression is the result of a deliberate, rational choice in a particular situation. 18 Positive Psychology Martin Seligman’s new
school of psychology that seeks to study what is right with people (their strengths & virtues). Scientifically studies… –Positive Well-Being – ways to increase happiness –Positive Health – how positive emotions enhance physical well-being –Positive Neuroscience – biological foundations of positive emotions, resilience & social behavior –Positive Education – best ways to increase student engagement, resilience, character, optimism, sense of meaning 19 20 What is Social Cognitive Theory? Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) is an interpersonal level theory developed by Albert Bandura that emphasizes the dynamic interaction between people (personal factors), their behavior, and their environments. This interaction is demonstrated by the construct
called Reciprocal Determinism. As seen in the figure below, personal factors, environmental factors, and behavior continuously interact through influencing and being influenced by each other. How to use Reciprocal Determinism: Consider multiple ways to change behavior; for example, targeting both knowledge and attitudes, and also making a change in the environment. Outcome Expectations
For more information: Semple SJ, Patterson TL, Shaw WS, Pedlow CT, Grant I. Disclosure of HIV seropositivity to sexual partners: an application of Social Cognitive Theory.Behavior Therapy 1999; 30, 223-237. Self-Efficacy
For more information: Semple SJ, Patterson TL, Shaw WS, Pedlow CT, Grant I. Disclosure of HIV seropositivity to sexual partners: An application of Social Cognitive Theory. Behavior Therapy 1999; 30, 223-237. Collective Efficacy
For more information: Cohen DA, Finch BK, Bower A, Sastry N. Collective efficacy and obesity: The potential influence of social factors on health. Social Science & Medicine 2006; 62, 769-778. Self-Regulation
For more information: Winters E, Petosa R, Charleton T. Using Social Cognitive Theory to explain discretionary "Leisure-time" physical exercise among high school students. Journal of Adolescent Health 2003; 32:436-442. Facilitation/Behavioral Capability
For more information: Langlois M, Petosa R, Hallam J. Why do effective smoking prevention programs work? Student changes in social cognitive theory constructs. Journal of School Health 1999; 69(8), 326-331. Observational Learning
For more information: Winett RA, Anderson ES, Whiteley JA, Wojcik JR, Rovniak LS, Graves KD, Galper DI, Winett SG. Church-based health behavior programs: Using Social Cognitive Theory to formulate interventions for at-risk populations. Applied & Preventive Psychology 1999; 8:129-142. Incentive Motivation
For more information: Kane RL, Johnson PE, Town RJ, Butler M. A Structured Review of the Effect of Economic Incentives on Consumers'Preventive Behavior. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2004; 27:4, 327-352. Moral Disengagement
For more information: Bandura, A. (1990). Mechanisms of moral disengagement. In W. Reich (Ed.), Origins of terrorism: Psychologies, ideologies, theologies, states of mind (pp. 161-191). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. What does the socialSocial Cognitive Perspective
Albert Bandura: Emphasized the importance of social learning, or learning through observation. His theory emphasized the role of conscious thoughts including self-efficacy, or our own beliefs in our abilities. 11.
Which perspective most clearly emphasizes the interactive influences of traits and situations on human behavior?Cards
What is the socialsocial-cognitive perspective. views behavior as influenced by the interactions between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context; psychologists emphasize our sense of personal control. reciprocal determinism.
Which perspective most clearly emphasizes that our personalities help create the situations to which we react?Which perspective most clearly emphasizes that our personalities help create the situations to which we react? the social-cognitive perspective.
|