The Elements of Life In biology, the elements of life are the essential building blocks that make up living things. They are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur. The first four of these are the most important, as they are used to construct the molecules that are necessary to make up living cells. These elements form the basic building blocks of the major macromolecules of life, including carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins. Carbon is an important element for all living organisms, as it is used to construct the basic building blocks of life, such as carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Even the cell membranes are made of proteins. Carbon is also used to construct the energy-rich molecules adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Hydrogen is used to construct the molecules water and organic compounds with carbon. Hydrogen is also used to construct ATP and GTP. Nitrogen is used to construct the basic building blocks of life, such as amino acids, nucleic acids, and proteins. It is also used to construct ATP and GTP. Oxygen is used to construct the basic building blocks of life, such as carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. It is also used to construct ATP and GTP. Phosphorus is used to construct the basic building blocks of life, such as carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Show 1 The motor fibers of the renal plexus are branches of the ___ nervous system 2 In the kidney, the process by which fluid and solutes from the tubular fluid are moved to the blood is called tubular 3 The kidneys play a major role in the regulation of ____ and ____ acid-base balance electrolytes 4 List, in order, the structures through which a drop of urine will flow after it drains from a renal papilla minor calyx major calyx renal pelvis ureter 5 The ____ of the kidney is the inner layer, while the ____ is the layer surrounding it 6 The renal pelvis funnels urine into the tube called the 7 List the functions of the kidneys regulations of electrolyte balance site of calcitriol activation filtering blood to remove the metabolic waste 8 The glomerulus is a bed of capillaries surrounded by a 9 The functional unit of the kidney is called the 10 List solutes that are reabsorbed from the nephron loop sodium potassium chlorine 11 The renal medulla is comprised of renal pyramids and renal columns 12 The process by which water and some solutes in the blood plasma pass from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space is called the glomerular 13 List some variables that affect the glomerular filtration rate permeability of filtration membrane surface area available for filtration 14 List in order, from the blood side to the capsular space, the structures through which any filtered substance must pass fenestrated endothelium of the capillary basement membrane filtration slits 15 Activation of the renin-angiotensin mechanism initiates changes that will result in an _____ in blood pressure 16 Urine is conveyed out of the body by a tube called the 17 The ____ can be described as a muscular sac on the floor of the pelvic cavity, inferior to the peritoneum and posterior to the pubic symhpysis 18 Nephrons classified as ____ nephrons have long nephron loops that extend deep into the medulla 19 The _____ _____ carries blood from the glomerulus into the peituibular capillaries 20 Filtration pressure at a glomerulus is determined by the balance of ____ pressure and ____ pressure hydrostatic colloid osmotic 21 The process of separating wastes from bodily fluids and elimination them from the body is called 22 Name the plasma protein that is converted by renin to angiotensin I 23 Renal clearance is the net effect of glomerular filtration of waste amount added by tubular secretion amount removed by tubular reabsorption 24 List the order of arteries carrying blood from the renal artery into the renal cortex segmental arteries interlobar arteries arcuate arteries cortical radiate arteries 25 A nephron consists of ______ and ______ renal corpuscle and renal tubule 26 Clearing aspirin, penicillin, and other drugs from the blood stream via the kidneys are examples of tubular 27 Describe the location of the kidneys retroperitoneal at the level of T12 to L3 28 Small molecules can pass freely through the filtration membrane into the capsular space. Those molecules that have passed through the filtration membrane include electrolytes, water, glucose 29 The fluid in the glomerular capsule is formed by filtration at the glomerulus. This fluid is called _____ 30 The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism of GFR regulation relies on the monitoring of tubular fluid by a renal structure called the _____ _____ juxtaglomerular apparatus 31 The amount of water reabsorption can be altered, allowing the production of either a concentrated or dilute urine. This is the role of the ____ ____ of the renal tubules 32 The primary function of the nephron loop is to generate a medullary ECF osmotic gradient that allows the ____ of urine 33 Tubular secretion is important for waste removal. Some of the substance that are secreted include bile acids, ammonia, urea 34 From deepest to most superficial, list the layers of connective tissue that surround the kidney fibrous capsule perirenal fat capsule renal fascia 35 Name the length of tube that includes the proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct 36 The kidneys regulate blood volume and blood pressure by 37 A chemical that increases urine volume is called a _____ 38 List some hormones that regulate the amount of water and salts that is reabsorbed by the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct aldosterone antidiuretic hormone atrial natriuretic peptide 39 List renal tubular segments that are influenced by aldosterone ascending limb of nephron loop collecting duct distal convoluted tubule 40 Name the hormone that makes the collecting duct more permeable to water so water reenters the tissue fluid and blood rather than being lost in the urine 41 The blunt tips of the renal pyramids, from which urine is collected into the calyces, are called renal 42 Describe the benefit of renal autoregulation GFR held steady regardless of changes in mean arterial pressure 43 List the components of a renal corpuscle glomerular capsule glomerulus 44 Describe collecting ducts carry fluid from multiple nephrons to renal papillae 45 The kidneys produce _____, a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells 46 Define transport maximum the upper limit of amount of solute that can be reabsorbed 47 The detrusor muscle is thickend near the urethra to from an internal urethral sphincter which compresses the urethra and retains urine in the bladder. This sphincter is composed of _____ muscle 48 List some effects of activation of the renin-angiotensin system increased water retention increased BP vasoconstriction 49 List two examples of nitrogenous wastes that are excreted by the kidneys 50 Plasma angiotensin II levels would be increased when mean arterial blood pressure is 51 The micturition center is located in the ____ of the brain stem 52 The color of urine is due to the presence of a pigment called ____, produced during the breakdown of hemoglobin 53 The longest and most coiled region of the renal tubule arises from the glomerular capsule and is called the proximal convoluted tubule 54 List the three segments of the male urethra prostatic urethra membranous urethra spongy urethra 55 When considering all of the pressures present within the renal corpuscle, the net filtration pressure causes the movement of fluid ____ the glomerular capillaries 56 Water moves through specialized water channels called 57 The ___ segment of the nephron loop participates in active transport of salts 58 Within the renal corpuscle, colloid osmotic pressure (COP) is an ____ pressure 59 Name the effect of atrial natriuertic peptide decreased sodium reabsorption 60 Name the symptoms of diabetes mellitus that are directly related to the high level of glucose in the renal tubules polyuria dehydration glycosuria 61 Within the renal corpuscle, blood hydrostatic pressure is the pressure forcing fluid into the glomerular capsular 62 The ____ ____ consists of a descending limb and an ascending limb 63 The _____ nervous system causes vasconstriction of the afferent arterioles, reducing glomerular blood flow and GFR 64 Leaky junctions between epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubule that allow water to move are called 65 Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles and those throughout the body 66 Angiotensin II stimulates the posterior pituitary to secrete ____ hormone 67 A urine output of less than 500 ml/day is called ___ and can be due to kidney disease, dehydration, shock, and other cauess 68 The pH of urine is usually mildly 69 The muscularis of the bladder is composed of three layers of smooth muscle called the ____ muscle cuplike or funnellike structure that collects urine 71 The most abundant cation in the glomerular filtrate is 72 Fluid and solutes reabsorbed at the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) are picked up by what capillary bed? 73 The region of the nephron that is adapted for reabsorption as seen in its length and prominent microvilli is the proximal convoluted tubule 74 The capillaries forming a glomerulus have pores that allow filtration. Due to the presence of these pores, this type of capillary is classified as a ____ capillary 75 Contraction of aretiolar smooth muscle whn it is stretched allows adjustment of afferent arteriolar diameter with changes in blood pressure. This is the basis for the ____ mechanism of renal autoregulation 76 Filling the bladder stimulates stretch receptors that, in turn, trigger a reflex that relaxes the internal urethra sphincter. This reflex is ____ 77 Glucose is cotransported with sodium by the sodium-glucose transporter and then removed from the basolaterial surface of thcell and into the blood by a process called 78 The kidneys are about the size of a 79 The salts in the medullary ECF that contribute to its high osmolarity were transported into the ECF from the _____ limb of the nephron loops 80 As an enzyme, _____ functions to convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I 81 The hormone ____ causes increased reabsorption of sodium (and the water that follows) and secretion of potassium from the larger segments of the renal tubule 82 The collecting duct receives fluid from the 83 Increased GFR results in ____ urine volume and ____ blood volume 84 If glomerular filtration rate is too ___, fluid flows through the renal tubules too rapidly. Urine output will increase and electrolyte depletion may occur. 85 Describe the importance of the medullary ECF osmolarity gradient allows production of very concentrated urine 86 Hyperglycemia in diabetes results in glucose in the urine, a condition called _____ 87 Parathyroid hormone acts on the proximal convoluted tubule to inhibit ____ reabsorption and on the distal convoluted tubule to increase ____ reabsorption What is the relationship between net filtration pressure and glomerular filtration rate?NET FILTRATION PRESSURE (NFP) is the total pressure that promotes filtration. To calculate NFP, we subtract the forces that oppose filtration from the GBHP. A normal NFP (using the figures mentioned) would be: NFP=55-(15+30)=55-45=10mm Hg.
What causes an increase in GFR quizlet?High systemic blood pressure would increase GFR, which would cause too much water and solutes to leave in the urine. The kidney responds by constricting the afferent arteriole to decrease blood flow (GFR).
Why does an increase in pressure result in a faster glomerular filtration rate?4. Why does an increase in pressure result in a faster glomerular filtration rate? Because the net filtration pressure increased.
Which of the following will result in a decrease of GFR?Constriction in the afferent arterioles going into the glomerulus and dilation of the efferent arterioles coming out of the glomerulus will decrease GFR. Hydrostatic pressure in the Bowman's capsule will work to decrease GFR.
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If net filtration pressure increases, the glomerular filtration rate (gfr) will ______.
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