Wie warm wird es im September 2022?

In September 2022, the European-average temperature was below the 1991-2020 average. This was largely due to a region of below-average temperatures stretching from central Europe to Finland and Russia. Conversely, temperatures were generally above average in western Europe, with the Mediterranean region still reflecting the marine heatwave that occurred during the summer. The largest above-average temperatures in the wider European domain – and globally – were found in Greenland; see more in the highlight box below.

The western part of North America experienced above-average temperatures where daily September records were broken in Canada and the USA, with a record temperature of 41.7°C observed in Salt Lake City, Utah. From northern Africa across Eurasia and into China, there were warmer-than-average conditions. In Hong Kong, the highest recorded maximum temperature for September of 35.9°C was observed. Warm conditions were also seen in northern South America, southern Africa, and northern Australia. Antarctica saw regions of above and below average temperatures over and around the continent, as is often the case.

Below-average temperatures extended from eastern Europe across Siberia to the Sea of Okhotsk. An area of central South America, including southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and northern Argentina had below-average temperatures. Most of Australia also experienced colder-than-average conditions.

Near-surface air temperatures were mixed over the major ocean basins. Above-average temperatures occurred over the North Atlantic Ocean to the east of Canada, in the western Mediterranean, in the northwestern Pacific, in a region of the South Pacific stretching from northern Australia to southern South America, and over the seas around parts of Antarctica. Marine air temperatures were lower than average over a large area covering the tropical and southern sub-tropical eastern Pacific, indicative of the continuing La Niña conditions, as well as in a region off the coast of West Antarctica. Mixed conditions were found across the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans.

Record-breaking warmth over Greenland

Average near surface air temperature percentiles for September 2022. Colour categories refer to the percentiles of the temperature distribution as calculated from the 1991–2020 reference period (see explanation in the sidebar box). The “warmest” category refers to the period 1979-2022. Credit: Copernicus Climate Change Service/ECMWF.
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Surface air temperatures over the centre of Greenland in September 2022 averaged more than 8°C higher than the 1991-2020 September average. The percentiles map shows that almost all of Greenland experienced average temperatures that were higher than any for September in the ERA5 temperature record from 1979 onwards. This was associated with prevailing winds on to Greenland from the south and south-west that had crossed regions that for the most part were also much warmer than average.

Although ERA5 temperatures are more uncertain over the Greenland plateau than over better observed parts of the world, the uncertainties are small compared with the extent to which climatogical average temperatures were exceeded in September 2022. Further evidence of extreme conditions comes from the US National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), which reports a temperature on the afternooon of 3 September from the Summit Station that was above 0°C, the first time this has been observed in the month of September since measurements began in 1989. Continued relatively high temperatures later in the month are evident from the estimates of unusual amounts of ice melt throughout September shown both by NSIDC and by Denmark’s Polar Portal.

There is more variability in average European temperatures, but relatively dense observational coverage of the continent reduces uncertainty. The average for this latest twelve-month period is0.56°C above the 1991-2020 average. 2020 is the warmest calendar year on record for Europe by a clear margin, with a temperature of1.2°C above the 1991-2020 average.

Note on global values from ERA5 and other temperature datasets

There is general agreement among datasets that the period since 2015  is much warmer globally than any previous period. There is also agreement that global temperature has risen at an average rate close to 0.2°C per decade since the late 1970s. There is nevertheless still some spread between the datasets for recent years, such as for 2020 and 2021, and the annual average temperature anomalies for these years from ERA5 are generally higher than those from the five other datasets considered. The differences range from 0.02 to 0.08°C for 2016-2021. The range is 0.00 to 0.07°C if air temperature over sea is replaced by sea-surface temperature for ERA5 and the other dataset for which sea-surface temperature was not used by design. The remaining differences depend partly on the extent to which datasets represent the relatively warm conditions that have predominated over the Arctic and Antarctic during these years. Differences elsewhere in estimates of sea-surface temperature and surface air temperature over land have been further factors.

The surface air temperature analysis homepage explains more about the production and reliability of the values presented here, but has yet to be updated to include the new information on dataset spread mentioned above.

Read more about longterm temperature changes for the globe, the Arctic and Europe in the Temperature indicator.

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