Which term did Piaget use to describe changes in existing ways of thinking that occur in response to encounters with new stimuli or events?

what development is the field of the study that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire lifespan?

In its study of growth, change, and stability, lifespan development takes what approach?

The vast majority of lifespan development focuses on?

biological and environmentaldevelopment

What development involves the ways that growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence a person's behavior?

What development involves the ways that the enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another change over the life span?

What development involves the way in which individuals' interactions with others and their social relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life?

Lifespan developmentalists typically look at which of the following areas?

In western culture, what age is considered young adulthood?

A group of people who are born around the same time in the same place is called?

Biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of where they are raised, are called?

Biological and environmental factors that are associated with a certain historical event. such as the bombing of Pearl Harbor, can be considered?

history-grades influences

When social and cultural factors effect an individual at a particular time and include variables as ethnicity, social class, and subcultural membership, this is called?

sociocultural-graded influences

In ___, development is ___, with achievements at one level building on those of previous levels.

continuous change; gradual

In ___ development, each stage is?

discontinuous change; distinct

Consider a situation where a woman comes down with a case of rubella(German Measles) in the eleventh week of pregnancy, as opposed to the thirtieth week of pregnancy. The difference in the way the rubella would affect the unborn child at these two times is an example of?

In a __ __, organisms are particular susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments, but the absence of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences.

What issue has dominated much work in lifespan development?

How much of people's behavior is due to their genetically determined nature and how much is due to nurture?

Traits, abilities, and capacities inherited from parents

Environmentalinfluences that shape behavior are referred to as?

Explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest, providing a framework for understanding the relationships among an organized set of facts or principles, are called?

Freud believed that the __ contains infantile wishes, desires, demands, and needs that are hidden from the conscious awareness because they are disturbing. 

According to Freud, which part of everyone's personality operates according to the "pleasure principle"?

Freud believed that the goal of the pleasure principle was to?

maximize satisfaction and reduce tension

Freud suggested that in children pleasure shifts from the mouth to the anus, and eventually to the genitals, and these are known as the __, __, and __ stages.

Freud believed that if children are unable to gratify themselves in a particular state of development, or if they are over-gratified in a particular stage of development, __ may occur.

Psychoanalyst___ provided an alternative psychodynamic view in his theory of psychosocial development. 

Erikson proposed a ___ theory, which emphasized that society and culture influences and shapes us.

Erikson argues that each of his 8 stages presents a ___ that the individual must resolve. 

Thom is an adolescent who has an awareness of uniqueness of self and knowledge of role to be followed. He can be said to have passed through Erikson's ___ stage of psychosocial development.

Identity v. role diffusion 

Kimberly is a young woman who has a fear of relationships with others. She can be said to have had a negative outcome in Erikson's ___ stage psychosocial development. 

As Warren looks back over his long life, he feels a sense of unity in his life's accomplishments. He can be said to be in Erikson's __ stage of psychosocial development. 

A type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response is called?

A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequence is called?

Operant conditioning was formulated and championed by?

Susan learned at a young age that developing good study habits, such as doing her hw, brought about good grades, and made her want to work harder in school. This type of behavior is called?

The introduction of an unpleasant or painful stimulus, or the removal of a desirable stimulus that decreases the probability that a proceeding behavior will occur in the future is considered ___ learning.

Behavior that receives no reinforcement or is punished is likely to be?

What is the learning approach that emphasizes learning by observing the behavior of another person, called modeling?

social-cognitive learning

Ralph watches the other kindergarten students receive stickers and other rewards from the teacher for sitting at their desks and completing their work. Soon, Ralph begins to behave like the other kindergarten students. This is what type of learning?

Which form of the behavioral perspectives learning styles have come to a predominant position in recent decades?

Who is considered the predominant theorist in cognitive development?

___ is(are) Piaget's theory of how human thinking is organized into mental patterns that represent behaviors and actions.

Piaget's two basic principles of growth in children's understanding of the world are?

assimilation and accommodation 

What did Piaget call the process in which people understanding an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking?

What did Piaget call the process in which changes in the existing way a child thinks in response to encounters with new stimuli or events?

What aspect(s) of development are not adequately addressed by the information-processing approach?

qualitative v. quantitative development

What is the perspective that suggests that there are four levels of the environment that simultaneously influence individuals?

Skinner's behavioral approach

Who proposed the sociocultural theory that was one of the first to recognize, acknowledge the importance of, and help us understand the varied influences that shape development?

Which perspective seeks to identify behavior that is the result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors?

What is the principle that growth follows a pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds down to the rest of the body?

Piaget used the term ___to describe changes in existing ways of thinking that occurs in response to encounters with new stimuli or events.

What is the term for unlearned, unorganized involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli?

Bart and Murial put their infant to bed for her regular afternoon nap. When they go to check on her several hours later the baby is unresponsive and never wakes up. What is the term for this?

What is the term for an organized pattern functioning that adapts and changes with mental development?

What is the term that refers to the knowledge and beliefs about how the mind works and how it affects behavior?

What is the term for a neural system of the brain hypothesized to permit understanding of language

language-acquisition device (LAD)

Piaget believed that ___ appears in Substage 4, which enables the infant to realize the people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen.

What is the term for the caution and wariness that is displayed by infants when encountering an unfamiliar person?

What is the term for Piaget's initial major stage of cognitive development, which can be broken down into six substages?

What is the fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds the transmissions of nerve impulses?

What is the term that Thomas and Chess used to describe babies who have a positive disposition; their body functions operate regularly; they are adaptable? 

Which of the following is a type of speech directed toward infants, characterized by short, simple sentences?

According to Erikson, when do we all pass through the trust-versus-mistrust stage?

_____ is the degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable due to experience.

The elimination of neurons as the result of nonuse or lack of stimulation is called?

What is the term that means the intentional search for the information about others' feelings help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances and events?

Mary is planning to take a year and half leave from her job because she wants to stay home and care for the needs of her newborn child. Mary believes that during the first 18 months of a child's life, it is critical that she makes herself available to her child to meet his needs and give him the attention he deserves. Erikson would that Mary's decision comes at a good time to address what stage of her child's development?

Erikson's trust vs. mistrust stage

What is Erikson's term for the period during which toddlers (18 months to 3 years) develop independence and autonomy if they are allowed the freedom to explore, or shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and overprotected?

autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage

Baby Allison is in her high chair while her father prepares her dinner. Baby Allison tries to get her father's attention by saying "eat" and "cookie", and this would be an example of?

The basic nerve cell of the nervous system is called?

The gap at the connection between neurons, through which neurons chemically communicate with one another, is called?

Baby Sally's mother is dropping her off at pre-school for the first time, and Sally's behavior changes from a calm, happy baby, to a crying, cranky youngster who will not let go of her mother. Baby Sally is likely to be demonstrating?

What is the term that Piaget used to explain the process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking?

Name the principle that development proceeds from the center of the body outward.

The preschool years largely encompass what Erikson called the?

initiative-versus-guilt stage

Gender, the sense of being male or female, is well-established by the time children are?

What is a sex-related biological characteristic that affects gender-based behavior?

What is the term for the perception of oneself as male or female?

At approximately what age do boys and girls understand the concept of gender constancy?

When 4 year-old Anna uses legos to build a playhouse, or puts a puzzle together, this kind of play is an example of?

What type of play involves action in which children play with similar toys, in a similar manner, but do not interact with each other?

What is the term for action in which children simply watch others at play, but do not actually participate themselves?

When women (and minorities too) hit an invisible barrier within an organization that, because of discrimination, prevents individuals from being promoted beyond a certain level. this is called?

What type of motivation drives people to obtain tangible rewards such as money and prestige? 

The motivation that causes people to work for their own enjoyment, not for the rewards work may bring is called?

The evaluation of a role or person by other relevant members of a group or society is called?

According to psychologist John Holland's research, the greater the correspondence between career choices and _____ the happier people will be in their choice.

Fredrick is living in a specialized living environment where all residents are of retirement age and in need of some level of care. Frederick is in an?

continuing care community

Amad does not need continued care. However, he does receive care during the day in the form of meals and medications. What type of facility does Amad attend?

What type of facility provides extensive care?

Tony has been in a nursing home for one year. He has become apathetic, indifferent, and does not care about himself. What term describes Tony?

Which is not a factor in keeping older women from marrying or re-marrying?

Marriage gradient and social norms work to suggest that women should marry men older then themselves

Accumulating knowledge, experience, and contemplation is referred to as?

Which of the following theories focuses on a gradual withdrawal from the world on physical, social, and psychological levels?

The theory suggesting that the successful aging occurs when people maintain the interests, activities, and social interactions with which they are involved during middle age is called?

Which term did Piaget use to describe changes in existing ways of thinking that occur in response to encounters with new stimuli or events quizlet?

What did Piaget call the process in which changes occur in the existing way a child thinks in response to encounters with new stimuli or events?

What term did Piaget used for the process in which one state is changed into another?

What is the term that Piaget used for the process?