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Terms in this set (97)Wendy sees a picture of a beach and then later tries to draw the picture from memory. She draws shells on the beach even though the beach in the picture had no shells. Using psychologists' concept of schema, how could we explain Wendy's error? Wendy's schema of a typical beach includes shells. As his teacher reads a story, Wesley pictures the main characters the way he thinks they must look. By forming visual images based on the verbal descriptions his teacher reads, Wesley is ______ those descriptions. encoding Tyler learns that Christopher Columbus's first voyage across the Atlantic was financed by Queen Isabella of Spain. He thinks to himself, "She probably thought she would make a profit on her investment." By speculating about the queen's motives, Tyler is demonstrating which one of the following processes? Elaboration Which one of the following statements best characterizes the duration of the sensory register? Visual information lasts less than a second, with auditory information lasting a bit longer. Susan hears her teacher say, "Seven times nine is sixty-three," and immediately repeats this math fact to herself three times. Five minutes later, Susan cannot respond correctly when her teacher asks, "What is seven times nine?" Based on this information, how far in Susan's memory system did the math fact probably get? It reached working memory. Three of the following teachers are using strategies that should help students learn information effectively. Which one is not necessarily promoting effective cognitive processing? Ms. Bertinelli has students repeat definitions of new vocabulary words out loud. Gretchen thinks about Christopher Columbus, which reminds her of Spain, which in turn reminds her that she needs to do her homework for her Spanish class. Which one of the following does Gretchen's train of thought best illustrate? The interconnectedness of long-term memory Eunice had trouble learning the formula for calculating the area of a circle, so she is saying it to herself over and over while the teacher passes out a geometry test. Eunice is demonstrating: The use of rehearsal If you wanted to help students learn something by using a mnemonic, which one of the following sentences would you use? My very energetic mother just slugged Uncle Norton" tells us the eight planets in the solar system Sarah needs to know her division facts for a quiz tomorrow. She wants to do as well as she possibly can on the quiz. Taking what psychologists have learned about automaticity into account, which one of the following would be the best advice to give Sarah? "Study the facts until you know them all perfectly, and then continue to practice them periodically after that." Which one of the following examples illustrates conceptual change? Charlotte used to think that fire was an actual substance, but now she knows it's a chemical change. To help herself learn the early explorers of the New World, Jessica makes a chart that lists the Spanish explorers together, the Portuguese explorers together, the French explorers together, and so on. Which one of the following processes is Jessica most clearly demonstrating? Organization An advantage of knowing some skills to automaticity is that such skills: Require less working memory capacity Which one of the following statements best characterizes working memory (sometimes known as short-term memory)? It actively processes a small amount of information, typically holding it for less than a minute. Cordell is trying to remember the various rocks he has been studying in his earth science class (granite, sandstone, limestone, obsidian, marble, etc.). He finally decides it would be easiest if he studied them as three groups: sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic. Considering research regarding this strategy, Cordell should: Have an easier time remembering them because he's organizing them Three of the following strategies should help students remember academic material over the long run. Considering guidelines presented in the textbook, which one will not help them? Preventing confusion by learning each piece of information at a different time Only one of the following teaching practices is consistent with what we know about working memory. Which one? Ms. Borelli tells her students that they should try to focus on main ideas rather than try to remember every detail. Which one of the following statements best describes how learners often acquire procedural knowledge? Learners first learn it as declarative knowledge; with time and practice, it gradually becomes procedural knowledge. Which one of the following strategies is most likely to encourage students to correct their existing misconceptions? Show students how new information contradicts what they presently believe. Successful retrieval of information from long-term memory depends on three of the following factors. On which one does retrieval not depend? The duration of a learner's working memory Mr. Gainer wants to teach his students good form in shooting a basketball. Given what we know about teaching procedural knowledge, which strategy is least likely to be effective in helping students learn the procedure correctly? Asking students to practice their new skill only when he is able to watch them To remember that the capital of the state of Washington is Olympia, Bart forms a mental image of George Washington running a race in the Olympics. Bart's technique illustrates: The keyword method Which one of the following teaching practices is most likely to encourage students to elaborate as they study new material? Ask them how they might apply the principle that gas expands when heated. When you are studying for a test, you may often try to identify interrelationships among the new pieces of information you are learning. Psychologists call this process: Organization Considering developmental trends in long-term memory storage processes, choose the statement that best characterizes how kindergartners are apt to approach school learning tasks. They make few, if any, intentional efforts to learn and remember something. Which one of the following situations reflects the typical duration of working memory? Darrell looks up the correct spelling of the word fossil, repeats the letters once, and closes the dictionary. By the time he finds a piece of paper on which to write the word, he has forgotten how to spell it. Three of these teachers will probably promote meaningful learning in their students. Which teacher, although possibly using a beneficial instructional strategy, is unlikely to promote meaningful learning? Mr. Warner encourages his third graders to practice their cursive letters at least once every day. In which of these situations is information most likely to be stored effectively in long-term memory? Corinne realizes that the word receive follows the "I before E except after C" rule. As his teacher reads a story, Wesley pictures the main characters the way he thinks they must look. By forming visual images based on the verbal descriptions his teacher reads, Wesley is ______ those descriptions. encoding Nicole learns the formula "E = mc2" by repeating it to herself many times. Which one of the following processes is Nicole most clearly demonstrating? Rehearsal Three of the following are examples of mnemonics. Which one is not a mnemonic? To learn how to drive a car with a standard transmission, Bart practices the various parts of the task (e.g., steering, shifting, and braking) separately. Sarah needs to know her division facts for a quiz tomorrow. She wants to do as well as she possibly can on the quiz. Taking what psychologists have learned about automaticity into account, which one of the following would be the best advice to give Sarah? "Study the facts until you know them all perfectly, and then continue to practice them periodically after that." To prepare for his test on Tuesday morning, Harry studied on Monday night. He remembered the information long enough to do well on the test on Tuesday but could not remember it for a surprise quiz a week later. Based on this information, how far in Harry's memory system did the information get? It reached long-term memory. Which one of the following statements best describes wait time and its typical effects? When teachers allow students more time to respond to a question, students are more likely to answer the question and explain their reasoning Three of the following are common misconceptions that elementary or secondary students are likely to have. Which one is not necessarily a common misconception? Most animals can survive for months without food. From the perspective of Vygotsky and the textbook, opportunities to engage in pretend play (e.g., playing "house" or "doctor") have which one of the following effects? They allow children to practice adult behaviors. Several parents who are making costumes for an elementary school play ask the young cast members to assist them with such tasks as cutting fabric, pinning pieces together, and sewing simple hems. We can definitely say that the parents are Engaging the students in guided participation Within the context of Vygotsky's perspective of cognitive development, why do students who are gifted often not benefit from regular classroom instruction? Because they aren't working within their zone of proximal development Louis receives a new soccer ball and begins to dribble it in the same way he dribbles his basketball. His dribbling of the new ball reflects Piaget's concept of Assimilation According to Piaget, three of the following are essential for cognitive development. Which one is not? High self-esteem Scaffolding serves what purpose in instruction? It supports students in their efforts to master difficult tasks. Roger is shown two piles of sand and says that each pile has the same amount. However, when one pile is flattened with a shovel, he now claims emphatically that the flattened pile has less sand. Piaget would suggest that Roger is in the _______ stage of development. preoperational The following four junior high school science teachers are teaching the concept atom to their students. From Piaget's perspective, some of the students in each classroom are in the formal operations stage and others are at the concrete operations stage. In which classroom are the concrete operational students most likely to have difficulty understanding what an atom is like? Mr. Carmen verbally describes how different elements are made up of different numbers of neutrons, protons, and electrons. Vygotsky's concept of zone of proximal development can best be described as: The range of tasks children can accomplish only with support In Piaget's theory, a scheme can best be described as: A repeatedly used group of similar thoughts or actions A sensitive period in development can best be described as: An age range during which environmental conditions are most likely to have an effect on a particular aspect of development Which one of the following best describes Piaget's concept of equilibration? A child revises existing schemes to incorporate new experiences. Piaget's sensorimotor stage is characterized by: Schemes related to perceptions and active responses Which one of the following most accurately describes the general concept of temperament? An inherited predisposition to interact with one's environment in certain ways Which one of the following would Piaget be least likely to advocate for elementary school children? Lectures that describe faraway places Which one of the following best illustrates Piaget's concept of accommodation? Donna revises her understanding of what clouds are like when she studies them in science. Three of the following teachers are using scaffolding to help their students learn. Which one is not necessarily providing scaffolding? Mr. Donaldson takes his students on a field trip to the local art museum. Which one of the following statements most accurately describes Lev Vygotsky's view of how cognitive development occurs? Children develop by working on challenging tasks with the assistance of more competent individuals. Which one of the following students is definitely working in his or her zone of proximal development? Berta is beginning to learn basic woodworking techniques. She has trouble hammering a nail straight into a piece of wood unless her teacher stands beside her, helping her and reminding her of what to do. James is talking about how much better the world would be if everyone simply agreed to "love one another" and "make peace, not war." In Piaget's view, James is most likely to be 14 years old Piaget's sensorimotor stage is characterized by: Schemes related to perceptions and active responses Which one of the following statements best describes Vygotsky's concept of internalization? Through their social interactions with other people, children acquire new ways of mentally approaching and thinking about a task. Imagine you are a third-grade teacher. If you look at cognitive development from Piaget's perspective, which stage would best characterize most of your students? concrete operational stage Seven-year-old Emma thinks that the expression "Too many cooks spoil the broth" is only about cooking soup. Her inability to recognize the more general meaning of the expression: Is typical for her age-group Which one of the following statements reflects a concern about the separation and control of variables? "I'm catching more tadpoles today, but I don't know if it's because I'm using a larger container to catch them or because I'm scooping from a different part of the pond." Olivia understands why 3/5 and 9/15 are equivalent fractions. Based on this information, Olivia is reasoning in a manner consistent with Piaget's _______ stage of development. Formal operations Which one of the following clearly illustrates Piaget's concept of assimilation? A kindergarten child mistakenly writes on the chalkboard using a large white crayon instead of chalk. Other things being equal, which one of the following four boys is likely to learn and remember the most by reading a book about spiders? Eight-year-old Bernard, who knows a lot more about spiders than the other three boys do Which one of the following would Piaget be least likely to advocate for elementary school children Lectures that describe faraway places Marcy is given her choice of two identical chocolate bars, one of which has been broken into four pieces. Marcy chooses the broken candy bar, believing that it has more candy. From Piaget's perspective, Marcy is showing a lack of _______, indicating that she has not yet completed the transition to the _________ stage of development. conservation, concrete operations Which one of the following is the best example of punishment as psychologists define it? After Norma spends a few minutes in the time-out room for hurting a classmate's feelings, she acts more compassionately toward that classmate in the future. Which one of the following statements best describes vicarious reinforcement? Watching someone else receive reinforcement for a behavior An incentive is likely to be an effective motivator for students only when: Students believe it is within their reach. Primary reinforcers are stimuli that Satisfy biological needs Alex loses his best friend Tyler after he tattles on Tyler at recess. Alex learns that tattling on friends is not a good idea. The loss of Tyler's friendship is an example of: Removal punishment Which one of the following is an example of reinforcing an incompatible behavior as a way of eliminating an undesirable behavior? Melissa is very shy and socially withdrawn. Her teacher reinforces her with a smile whenever she interacts with classmates. Which one of the following is an example of negative reinforcement? Correct When Edward complains about a classmate who is picking on him, his teacher allows him to come in from recess on a bitterly cold day. Ms. Frago has several students who are chronic misbehavers. She meets individually with each student, and together she and the student agree to a plan for improving the student's behavior and a suitable reinforcement for appropriate behavior change. Ms. Frago is using: A contingency contract Which one of the following statements best characterizes how reinforcement of incompatible behavior helps reduce inappropriate behavior in the classroom? An undesirable behavior will decrease when a student is reinforced for behaving in an opposite manner. Which one of the following is the best example of the use of an activity reinforcer? Being allowed to play basketball at a friend's house after you finish your homework It is essential that teachers follow through with the reinforcement they have promised for certain student behaviors. Why is such follow-through important? When expected reinforcement doesn't occur, students feel punished. Ms. Smythe keeps Eric after school whenever he swears in class. Even though Eric has been kept after school each day for the past three weeks, his swearing hasn't decreased at all-in fact, it has steadily increased. Given what we know about the effects of punishment on behavior, Ms. Smythe should probably conclude that: Staying after school is reinforcing for Eric. Caleb continually blurts out the answers to Mr. Karowski's questions-so much so that other students rarely have a chance to respond. Mr. Karowski decides to ignore Caleb's behavior, hoping that it will decrease if he doesn't pay attention to it. Mr. Karowski is applying the concept of _________ in his treatment of Caleb. extinction Only one of the following could be a primary reinforcer. Which one? A glass of water In Mr. Medeiros's classroom, students are given play money each time they turn in an assignment; they receive additional amounts of money if the assignment is turned in on time and if it is done correctly. At the end of each week, students can use their "money" to purchase special privileges (free time, special privileges, etc.). Mr. Medeiros's approach can best be characterized as: A token economy At the beginning of the school year, Mr. Webber is concerned that Frances rarely does her independent seatwork. He begins praising Frances for each seatwork assignment she completes, and by January she is completing her assignments regularly. To make sure that the behavior continues in the years to come, what would operant conditioning theorists tell Mr. Webber to do now? Praise her for only some of her completed assignments. Which one of the following statements best describes vicarious reinforcement? Watching someone else receive reinforcement for a behavior The term negative reinforcement can best be described as a situation in which: Something the learner doesn't want is taken away after a response Which one of the following statements best characterizes how reinforcement of incompatible behavior helps reduce inappropriate behavior in the classroom? An undesirable behavior will decrease when a student is reinforced for behaving in an opposite manner. Which one of the following alternatives best describes shaping? The particular response being reinforced changes over time so that it increasingly resembles the desired behavior. Tammy is scolded for submitting a messy math homework paper, so she tries to do her math problems more neatly after that. The scolding Tammy received is an example of: Presentation punishment Which one of the following is an example of negative reinforcement? When Edward complains about a classmate who is picking on him, his teacher allows him to come in from recess on a bitterly cold day. Ms. Smythe keeps Eric after school whenever he swears in class. Even though Eric has been kept after school each day for the past three weeks, his swearing hasn't decreased at all-in fact, it has steadily increased. Given what we know about the effects of punishment on behavior, Ms. Smythe should probably conclude that: Staying after school is reinforcing for Eric. Ms. Aguilar's third-grade students enjoy art and spend much of their free time drawing and painting. If she tells them, "You can paint as soon as you finish your arithmetic problems," she is providing: An activity reinforcer Which one of the following is the best example of a social reinforcer? Being told that you did a good job Good grades are reinforcing to some students but not to others. Someone explaining this fact from an operant conditioning perspective would say that good grades are most likely to be reinforcers to students who: Have previously associated grades with other reinforcers The basic idea underlying operant conditioning is that: Responses are affected by the consequences that follow them. In three of the following situations, positive reinforcement is occurring. In which situation is positive reinforcement not occurring? Mr. Salazar smiles at Ellen every time she acts appropriately toward her classmates, but Ellen's social behaviors don't change. Loretta has been painting graffiti on the school walls after school hours. The school principal and school counselor discuss this problem and finally agree that they will try to eliminate Loretta's graffiti-painting by asking her to chair a Clean-Up-The-School (CUTS) committee, then giving her school-wide recognition for her efforts. The counselor is suggesting: Reinforcement of an incompatible behavior Which one of the following statements best describes positive reinforcement? Reinforcement consists of getting something a learner finds desirable. Which one of the following is the best example of punishment as psychologists define it? After Norma spends a few minutes in the time-out room for hurting a classmate's feelings, she acts more compassionately toward that classmate in the future. Ms. Jefferson promises her students special treats if they turn in their homework assignments the next day. But on the following day Ms. Jefferson forgets to bring the treats she promised. Given what psychologists have learned about what happens when consequences of learners' behaviors are inconsistent with learners' expectations, what has just happened to the students who turned in their homework assignments? They have been punished for doing so. 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Understanding Psychology, Student Edition1st EditionRichard A. Kasschau 820 solutions Sets with similar termsPSYC2170 Ch 6,7,9,10 Study Questions97 terms collincolley PSYC 365 Final Exam120 terms emrothfus EPY midterm80 terms kaleigh_rubio EDU 393 Mid term94 terms mille29a Sets found in the same folderEDU 310 Final Exam (3, 5, 7, 10)146 terms madi_mceachern8 educational Psychology60 terms tiffany_upchurch PSYC 2060 Exam 1 (Ch 2)87 terms sydduhe223 FRHD*2110: Children with Exceptionalities: Final E…219 terms pmwaddell Other sets by this creatorENG 251 Final exam51 terms madi_mceachern8 MTH 462 Quiz 17 terms madi_mceachern8 MTH 3628 terms madi_mceachern8 EDU 310 Chapter 5 Vocab30 terms madi_mceachern8 Verified questionsQUESTION Explain how the following are involved when you listen to your favorite song: • Bottom-up processing • Top-down processing Verified answer QUESTION Thom believes that his congresswoman is an honest woman. He looks for examples of her givingto charity and ignores her ethics violations, which have recently been in the news. Thom is being affected by a. confirmation bias. b. intuition. c. mental set. d. the availability heuristic. e. overconfidence. Verified answer PSYCHOLOGY Devise a plan of behavior modification (such as teaching your dog not to bark indoors or stopping your friend from knuckle cracking) by applying learning principles. Verified answer QUESTION Which concept best explains why people often underestimate the amount of time it will take to complete a project? a. Belief perseverance. b. Framing. c. Intuition. d. The availability heuristic. e. Overconfidence. Verified answer Other Quizlet setsElementary Worldly Wisdom21 terms wardwill Pelvis Clinical51 terms kfried13 Unit 4 Test Financial Sector32 terms viviantvd Patho Week 4 GI - big ideas49 terms sarahrenee7 Related questionsQUESTION Between pursuing a college course where there is no demand and a vocational course which is highly in demand, the students usually opt for the college course. Which Filipino value is demonstrated? (LORIMAR-FL ) 15 answers QUESTION find trends and relationships among variables. 2 answers QUESTION Given the importance of standardized test scores, many teachers and researchers feel that it is important to help students prepare to take the tests. One of the best ways to do this ethically is to: 3 answers QUESTION the maximum number of recall = operational span 2 answers Which one of the following accurately describes the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment quizlet?Terms in this set (156) Which one of the following accurately describes the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment? Negative reinforcement increases the frequency of behavior whereas punishment decreases it. Which one of the following accurately describes the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment group of answer choices?Negative reinforcement increases the frequency of behavior, whereas punishment decreases it is the accurate description of the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment. Which one of the following statements best describes positive reinforcement?Which one of the following statements best describes positive reinforcement? Reinforcement consists of getting something a learner wants. Which one of the following statements accurately describes the effect of classroom assessments on students motivation?Which one of the following statements accurately describes the effect of classroom assessments on students' motivation? In general, classroom assessments promote greater extrinsic motivation for studying classroom material. Which of the following are characteristics of gifted learners?Common Characteristics of Gifted Children:
Ability to comprehend material several grade levels above their age peers. Surprising emotional depth and sensitivity at a young age. Strong sense of curiosity. Enthusiastic about unique interests and topics.
Which group is the most underrepresented in gifted education?Nationally, students from African American, Latinx, and Native American families are underrepresented in gifted education by 43%, 30%, and 13% respectively (as of 2016). Students with disabilities and who are still learning English are also underrepresented by roughly 75%.
Is giftedness inherited?Although a few believe giftedness can be achieved through nurturing, the overwhelming consensus is that giftedness is present at birth, an inherited trait. Chances are very high that one or both parents of a gifted child, as well as siblings, are also gifted.
What are the components of Renzulli's Three Ring Conception of Giftedness?The Three Ring Conception of Giftedness
The Three Rings include: Above Average Ability, Creativity and Task Commitment. Students who possess the combination of these three traits exhibit gifted behavior.
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Which of the following statements reflects a common misconception about giftedness quizlet?
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