Which of the following Linux command is used for searching for patterns in a file?

In Linux and Unix Systems Grep, short for “global regular expression print”, is a command used in searching and matching text files contained in the regular expressions. Furthermore, the command comes pre-installed in every Linux distribution. In this guide, we will look at Common grep command usage with a few examples.

Grep Command in Linux

Grep command can be used to find or search a regular expression or a string in a text file. To demonstrate this, let’s create a text file welcome.txt and add some content as shown.

Welcome to Linux !
Linux is a free and opensource Operating system that is mostly used by
developers and in production servers for hosting crucial components such as web
and database servers. Linux has also made a name for itself in PCs.
Beginners looking to experiment with Linux can get started with friendlier linux
distributions such as Ubuntu, Mint, Fedora and Elementary OS.

Great! Now we are ready to perform a few grep commands and manipulate the output to get the desired results. To search for a string in a file, run the command below Syntax

$ grep "string" file name

OR

$ filename grep "string"

Example:

$ grep "Linux" welcome.txt

Output

$ grep "string" /path/to/file

Colorizing Grep results using the --color option

If you are working on a system that doesn’t display the search string or pattern in a different color from the rest of the text, use the --color to make your results stand out. Example

$ grep --color "free and opensource" welcome.txt 

Output

Searching for a string recursively in all directories

If you wish to search for a string in your current directory and all other subdirectories, search using the - r flag as shown

$ grep -r "string-name" *

For example

$ grep -r "linux" *

Output

Ignoring case sensitivity

In the above example, our search results gave us what we wanted because the string “Linux” was specified in Uppercase and also exists in the file in Uppercase. Now let’s try and search for the string in lowercase.

$ grep "linux" file name

Nothing from the output, right? This is because grepping could not find and match the string “linux” since the first letter is Lowercase. To ignore case sensitivity, use the -i flag and execute the command below

$ grep -i "linux" welcome.txt

Output

Count the lines where strings are matched with -c option

To count the total number of lines where the string pattern appears or resides, execute the command below

$ grep -c "Linux" welcome.txt

Output

Using Grep to invert Output

To invert the Grep output , use the -v flag. The -v option instructs grep to print all lines that do not contain or match the expression. The –v option tells grep to invert its output, meaning that instead of printing matching lines, do the opposite and print all of the lines that don’t match the expression. Going back to our file, let us display the line numbers as shown. Hit ESC on Vim editor, type a full colon followed by

 set nu

Next, press Enter Output

$ grep -v "Linux" welcome.txt

Output

Number the lines that contain the search pattern with -n option

To number the lines where the string pattern is matched , use the -n option as shown

$ grep -n "Linux" welcome.txt

Output

Search for exact matching word using the -w option

Passing then -w flag will search for the line containing the exact matching word as shown

$ grep -w "opensource" welcome.txt

Output

$ grep -w "open" welcome.txt

NO results will be returned because we are not searching for a pattern but an exact word!

Using pipes with grep

The grep command can be used together with pipes for getting distinct output. For example, If you want to know if a certain package is installed in Ubuntu system execute

$ dpkg -L | grep "package-name"

For example, to find out if OpenSSH has been installed in your system pipe the dpkg -l command to grep as shown

$ dpkg -L | grep -i "openssh"

Output

Displaying number of lines before or after a search pattern Using pipes

You can use the -A or -B to dislay number of lines that either precede or come after the search string. The -A flag denotes the lines that come after the search string and -B prints the output that appears before the search string. For example

$ ifconfig | grep -A 4 ens3

This command displays the line containing the string plus 4 lines of text after the ens string in the ifconfig command. Output

$ ifconfig | grep -B 4 ether

Using grep with regual expressions (REGEX)

The term REGEX is an acronym for REGular EXpression. A REGEX is a sequence of characters that is used to match a pattern. Below are a few examples:

^      Matches characters at the beginning of a line
$      Matches characters at the end of a line
"."    Matches any character
[a-z]  Matches any characters between A and Z
[^ ..] Matches anything apart from what is contained in the brackets

Example To print lines beginning with a certain character, the syntax is;

grep ^character file_name

For instance, to display the lines that begin with the letter “d” in our welcome.txt file, we would execute

$ grep ^d welcome.txt 

Output

$ grep x$ welcome.txt

Output

Getting help with more Grep options

If you need to learn more on Grep command usage, run the command below to get a sneak preview of other flags or options that you may use together with the command.

$ grep --help

Sample Output

Which command is used to search pattern in files in Linux?

Which command is used for searching a pattern in a file?

Which command in Linux is used for searching a pattern of text in files and displaying the results?

What is grep in Linux command?