Invented by John Darley, and Bibb Latane.
Emergency
Step 1: Notice something is happening
(Limitations: Distractions (noise/traffic), Self concerns (I'm late) (Ppl in study were less likely to help if they were in a hurry)
Step 2: Interpret event as an emergency
(Limitation: Plurastic ignorance; everyone else thought it was normal/not an emergency) (In study/smoke/75% helped in alone condition, 10% when there were 2 confederates uninterested)
Step 3:
Take responsibility for providing help
Limitation: Diffusion of responsibilities: that person needs help, but someone else will call 911.
Step: 4 Decide how to help
Limitation: Lack of competence: "I'm not trained to handle this situation!"
Step 5: Provide help
Limitations: Audience inhibiting: "I'll look like an idiot!"
Cost exceed reward: causes arousal: cost-reward model bodily harmed/foolish
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