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Under a Creative Commons license Open access Highlights• L2 learners score below L1 on kindergarten lexical skills but not on memory. L2 learners consistently lag behind L1 in reading comprehension, not in word decoding. •Similar L1 and L2 structural prediction paths of early reading were found. •Kindergarten skills and early word decoding predict reading comprehension. •Early L2 delays in lexical skills predict reduced future reading comprehension. AbstractThe present large-scaled longitudinal prediction study examined cognitive and linguistic precursors of early word decoding and reading comprehension from kindergarten to Grade 3 in 613 first language (L1) and 109 second language (L2) learners of Dutch. L1 learners outperformed L2 learners on reading comprehension, and on kindergarten vocabulary, rapid naming (RAN), and phoneme segmentation. No differences were found on word decoding across the grades, kindergarten grapheme knowledge, phoneme isolation, or short term memory (STM). Despite L2 learners' delay in reading comprehension and language-related precursors, the developmental paths and structural relations of L2 learners were highly similar to those of L1 learners. For both groups, RAN, grapheme knowledge and STM predicted word decoding development. Word decoding, phonemic awareness, vocabulary, and STM predicted reading comprehension. There were strong autoregressive effects of both word decoding and reading comprehension. In kindergarten, L2 learners showed delays in RAN, phonological awareness, and vocabulary. These measures were all indicative of future reading. KeywordsWord decoding Reading comprehension Kindergarten measures First and second language learners Cited by (0)© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. 42.(p. 298)According to Hart and Risley, which group of parents talked less to their young children, talked lessabout past events, and provided less elaboration?A.single parentsB.welfare parentsC.middle-class parentsD.professional parents APA Outcome: 1.2Blooms Taxonomy: RememberDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Describe how language develops through the life span.Santrock - Chapter 09 #42Topic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Early Literacy43.Which of the following would have the LEAST positive influence on a young child's vocabularydevelopment?(p. 298) APA Outcome: 1.2Blooms Taxonomy: ApplyDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Define language and describe its rule systems.Santrock - Chapter 09 #43Topic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Vocabulary44.In social situations, 4- to 5-year-olds will(p. 299)B.speak the same to adults as they would to a peer. C.avoid speaking to adults.D.use shorter sentences when speaking to a 2-year-old.APA Outcome: 1.2Blooms Taxonomy: RememberDifficulty Level: BasicLearning Objective: Describe how language develops through the life span.Santrock - Chapter 09 #44Topic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Vocabulary45.All of the following are early precursors of literacy and academic success EXCEPT(p. 299) APA Outcome: 1.2Blooms Taxonomy: UnderstandDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Describe how language develops through the life span.Santrock - Chapter 09 #45Topic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Early Literacy46.In which of the following countries would the rates of dyslexia be expected to be highest?(p. 299)A.countries where the language has a one-on-one correspondence between the letter and the sound B.English-speaking countries, such as the U.S. and UKC.countries where the GDP is in the bottom 10% of the worldD.countries where people have to use at least three languages in their daily communicationAPA Outcome: 1.2Blooms Taxonomy: UnderstandDifficulty Level: ModerateLearning Objective: Describe how language develops through the life span.Santrock - Chapter 09 #46Topic: Early ChildhoodTopic: Early Literacy What is the strongest precursor of literacy?Letter knowledge at 45 months was the strongest predictor of literacy level at 6 years. In addition, early speech and language skills predicted individual differences in literacy outcome and genetic risk accounted for unique variance over and above these other factors.
Which factor is the strongest predictor of children's success in reading?One of the strongest predictors of reading success in first grade and beyond is a student's level of phonological awareness at the end of kindergarten. If you have students who are struggling in this area, then early intervention is key.
Which of the following is likely to be among a child's first words?"After 'mama,' children's first words include 'this' and 'that'." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 7 April 2022.
Which theorist places the most importance on social interaction in the development of language?Social interactionist theory (SIT) is an explanation of language development emphasizing the role of social interaction between the developing child and linguistically knowledgeable adults. It is based largely on the socio-cultural theories of Soviet psychologist, Lev Vygotsky.
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Which of the following are the early precursors of literacy and academic success?
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