Edema is a buildup of fluids that causes swelling, usually in the lower body. When this swelling is such that you can leave an indentation, or “pit,” by pressing on it, it’s called pitting edema. This is in contrast to non-pitting edema, which doesn’t leave a mark and is usually caused by the accumulation of fluid with relatively higher protein and salt content. Show
Pitting edema, like its non-pitting counterpart, arises as swelling, usually in the legs, ankles, or feet (though it can occur in the hands). The severity of this condition is clinically assessed on a scale based on how long it takes the indentation to disappear. Since treatment involves addressing the underlying factors causing the issue, this scale is critical for the diagnosis and assessment of pitting edema. Verywell / Zoe Hansen Related SymptomsThe symptoms of pitting edema arise due to fluid and blood buildup, ranging in severity depending on what’s causing the issue. They can be localized (confined to a specific area) or generalized (present throughout the body). Generally, symptoms include:
Pitting Edema ComplicationsIf untreated, pitting edema can lead to
cracking, peeling skin, while raising the risk of infection. CausesWhereas non-pitting edema typically develops due to disorders of the lymph nodes (lymphedema) or thyroid (myxedema), pitting edema is seen in a broader range of cases. Varying in seriousness, the most common causes include:
MedicationsIn addition, pitting edema is a side effect of several types of medications and can also be a sign of an allergic reaction. These medications include:
Severe CausesPitting edema is also associated with several much more serious, and sometimes fatal, conditions:
Grading Scale and DiagnosisAccurate diagnosis and assessment is essential for proper treatment of pitting edema. Edema grading, which assesses the scale and scope of the swelling, is central to this process. Doctors categorize cases into four grades, from 1+, the least severe, to 4+, the most severe. In this examination, the doctor presses on an affected area—usually the top of the foot, outer ankle, or lower calf—for two seconds. The severity of the case is based on the size of the remaining impression, and the amount of time it takes to “rebound,” or disappear.
In addition to grading, doctors will also perform exams and tests to isolate what’s causing the pitting edema. Specific tests vary based on the suspected underlying cause and can include:
TreatmentTreatment depends on the severity of the pitted edema as well as whether or not the patient has any other underlying causes. The type of therapy and medical intervention can be closely tied to the grade of the case, and it can vary a great deal. Common approaches include:
Additionally, pitted edema resolves when the liver, kidney, or heart problems causing it have resolved. As such, surgery, other medications, and lifestyle changes, among other therapies, may be employed as well. A Word From VerywellSince such a wide variety of conditions can cause pitted edema—and since some of them can be very dangerous—it’s essential to get help if you suspect you’re experiencing it. The presence of any kind of swelling is a cause for concern, especially if it’s related to a more serious health issue. Be open with your caregiver and receptive to how you’re feeling. The more you’re able to tell your doctor about your symptoms, lifestyle, and health status, the better off you’ll be. Frequently Asked Questions
By Mark
Gurarie Thanks for your feedback! Which degree of edema will result in a 6 mm deep?Grade 3: Noticeably deep pit (6 mm) with the dependent extremity full and swollen that takes up to 30 seconds to rebound.
Which would be a normal blood pressure of a 12 year old client?What is normal blood pressure for a child?. Which clinical condition will result in changes in the integrity of the arterial walls and small blood vessels?Atherosclerosis is a narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of plaque. Arteries are the blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients from your heart to the rest of your body.
Which site would the nurse assess to confirm cyanosis?Cheeks, nose, ears, and oral mucosa are the best areas to assess cyanosis as the skin in these areas is thin, and blood supply is good. This can help determine if the cyanosis is generalized, limited to extremities, or if there is a difference in the bluish discoloration in different extremities.
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