When faced with a problem from any culture people tend to react instinctively based on?

Which of the following Is NOT true of the Impact of culture?

                In dealing with unfamiliar markets, frames of reference are unimportant In evaluating the potential of a market

the following are TRUE of the impact of culture

-The reaction to much of the environment's (cultural) impact on the marketer's activities is automatic

-Judgments are derived from experiences that is the result of acculturation in the home country

-An establishment frame of reference is an important factor in determining a marketer's reaction to situations--social and even nonsocial

-As a result of acculturation, we react in a manner acceptable to our society without consciously thinking about It

when should: marketers must be aware of the frames of reference they are using in making their decisions or evaluating the potential of a market

in dealing with unfamiliar markets

Robert Jonas is in charge of a new marketing effort directed toward Peru. In order for his company to effectively market and distribute to all of Peru's major cities, Mr. Jonas must devise a logistics plan for crossing the Andes Mountains on a daily basis. What foreign envmt uncontrollable var.

geography and infrastructure

Amy Sims has been assigned the task of preparing a plan for companys next year bus. activities. These controllable variables would include price, product, channels-of-distribution, and

in the U.S., unrelated people keep a certain physical distance between themselves. Its not conscious, it just feels right. Someone from another culture might not necessarily understand this and would apply their own rules for speaking.  

self-reference criterion (SRC)

misunderstandings that can occur about personal space between people of different cultures is an example of what

Your _____ can prevent you from being aware that there are cultural differences or from recognizing the importance of those differences.

Self-reference criterion (SRC)

When faced with a problem in another culture, our tendency is to react instinctively and refer to our _____ for a solution

Our reaction when faced with a problem of another culture, is based on

meanings, values, symbols, and behavior relevant to our own culture and usually different from those of the foreign culture. -such decisions are often not good ones

Which of the following organizations has a better chance of accelerating their internationalization process?

Firms with key managers well networked internationally

firms with key managers well networked internationally are able to 

accelerate the internalization process

James Bright's company seeks markets all over the world and attempts to sell products that are a result of planned production for markets in various countries. Which of the following stages BEST characterizes the stage of international marketing involvement for Mr. Bright's company?

in what stage are companies in international marketing fully committed to and involved in international marketing activities. Such companies seek markets all over the world and sell products that are a result of planned production for markets in various countries

international marketing stage 

in what stage do companies treat the world, including their home market, as one market. Market segmentation decisions are no longer focused on national borders

Maria Peron's company treats the world, including the home market in Spain, as one market.

market segmentation decisions no longer focus on national borders, instead, market segments are defined by

income levels usage patterns and other factors that span countries and regions

Which of the following is true of the first two stages of international marketing involvement—no direct foreign marketing and infrequent foreign marketing?

they are more reactive in nature

the first two stages of international marketing involvement are more reactive in nature and most often do not represent careful strategic thinking about

T/F     For companies today, becoming international is a luxury only some can afford.

for a growing number of companies, being international is no longer a ____ but a necessity for ________

luxury; economic survival

T/F   The international marketer is not affected by domestic competition.

_____ within the home country can also have a profound effect on the international marketer's task

T/F   John refuses to buy Japanese products because he sees this as a way of selling out to a nation known for its aggressive behavior. John is using a self-reference criterion to make his decision.

what is an unconscious reference to one's own cultural values, experiences, and knowledge as a basis for decisions

the notion that people in one's own company, culture, or country know best how to do things

T/F   To avoid errors in business decisions, it is necessary to conduct a cross-cultural analysis that emphasizes the need for ethnocentrism.

how will the knowledgeable marketer avoid errors in business decisions

will conduct a cross-cultural analysis that isolates the SRC influences and maintains vigilance regarding ethnocentrism

Which of the following is the top political issue concerning foreign businesses?

        Stability of prevailing government policies

what is at the top of the list of political issues concerning foreign business

the stability or instability of prevailing government policies

The five main causes of instability in international markets include trade disputes and all of the following EXCEPT:

U.S. domestic political policies

There are five main political causes of instability in international markets:

(1) some forms of government seem to be inherently unstable,

(2) changes in political parties during elections can have major effects on trade conditions, (3) nationalism,

(4) animosity targeted toward specific countries, and

(5) trade disputes themselves.

All of the following are instances of how nationalism can be manifested EXCEPT:

membership in bilateral trade treaties

all of the following are instances of how nationalism can be manifested:

-call to buy our country's products

-restrictions on import

- restrictive tariffs

-focus on national security

how are feelings of nationalism manifested

a call to "buy our country's products only" (e.g., "Buy American"), restrictions on imports, restrictive tariffs, and other barriers to trade.

With respect to political risk that can be faced by a company seeking to invest abroad, which of the following presents the most severe political risk?

what is the most severe political risk 

what is the seizing of a companies assets without payment

what was most prevalent in the 1950s and 1960s when many underdeveloped countries saw confiscation, albeit ineffective, as a means of economic growth.

When a government seizes an investment of a foreign investor but some reimbursement for the assets is made, the government is following a process called:

what is when the government seizes an investment but makes some reimbursement for the assets

All of the following are considered to be economic risks that can be faced by international companies EXCEPT:

The economic risks of doing business abroad are:

exchange controls,

local-content laws,

import restrictions,

tax controls,

price controls, and

labor problems.

All of the following strategies can be effective in forestalling or minimizing the effect of a total takeover of a multinational corporation's holdings by a foreign government EXCEPT:

The strategies used by MNCs to minimize political vulnerability and risk are:

joint ventures,

expanding the investment base,

licensing,

planned domestication,

political bargaining, and

political payoffs.

While expanding the investment base of a company, which of the following can be used as a powerful ally in dealing with threats of government takeovers or harassment?

lender banks to host government

what has the advantage of engaging the power of the banks whenever any kind of government takeover or harassment is threatened.

including several investors

the approach of including several investors becomes especially powerful if

the banks have made loans to the host country

Because of political changes in the late twentieth century, which of the following countries has had to build from scratch an entire commercial legal system?

what central European countries had comprehensive codified legal systems before communism took over, and their pre-World War II commercial legal codes have been revised and reinstituted.

Czech Republic and Poland

the countries that have had to build from scratch an entire commercial legal system.

Russia and most of the republics of the former Soviet Union and China

The World Court can adjudicate disputes between which of the following?

disputes between governments

The World Court can adjudicate disputes between governments, whereas the other two situations must be handled in the courts of the country of one of the parties involved or through

Which of the following is NOT one of the traditional remedies by American companies to protect intellectual property?

        Threats to withdraw products from country

The traditional, but relatively feeble, remedies for American companies operating in countries such as China are several:

(1) prevention, that is, engage local representation and diligently register IP with the appropriate agencies;

(2) pursue negotiation and alternative dispute resolution;

(3) complain to the Chinese authorities; and

(4) complain to the U.S. government and World Trade Organization (WTO).

All of the following would be considered to be reasons for adopting an attitude of protectionism with respect to world trade EXCEPT:

to protect political stability

All of the following would be considered to be reasons for adopting an attitude of protectionism with respect to world trade:

protection of an infant industry

        protection of a home market

        the need to keep money at home

        to encourage capital accumulation

there are ____ ar arguments favoring protectionism out of which "protection of political stability" is not one of them

The United States and other countries require some products (automobiles in particular) to contain a percentage of "local content" to gain admission to their markets. This is an example of the usage of _____ to restrict trade.

Nontariff barriers of this category(standards) include

include standards to protect health, safety, and product quality.

_____are sometimes used in an unduly stringent or discriminating way to restrict trade.

Which of the following is NOT true of the GATT?

        Member nations seek to resolve their trade disputes unilaterally.

the following are true of the GATT:

The United States and 22 other countries signed the GATT shortly after World War II. The GATT paved the way for the first effective worldwide tariff agreement.

The GATT panels are only advisory and have no enforcement powers.

It created an agency to serve as watchdog over world trade.

Member nations seek to resolve their trade disputes bilaterally; if that fails,

special GATT panels are set up to recommend action

One of the basic elements of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is that:

        trade shall be conducted on a nondiscriminatory basis.

In general, the agreement covers these basic elements:

(1) trade shall be conducted on a nondiscriminatory basis;

(2) protection shall be afforded domestic industries through customs tariffs, not through such commercial measures as import quotas; and

(3) consultation shall be the primary method used to solve global trade problems.

_____ and the World Bank Group are two global institutions created to assist nations in becoming and remaining economically viable.

        The International Monetary Fund

The five institutions of the World Bank Group perform all the following services EXCEPT:

        providing investors with investment guarantees against "commercial risk".

The five institutions of the World Bank Group perform all the following services:

-lending money to the governments of developing countries to finance development projects in education, health, and infrastructure.

-providing assistance to governments for developmental projects to the poorest developing countries.

-helping strengthen the private sector in developing countries with long-term loans, equity investments, and other financial assistance.

-providing facilities for the conciliation and arbitration of disputes between governments and foreign investors.

The institutions provide investors with investment guarantees against "noncommercial risk,"

such as expropriation and war, to create an environment in developing countries that will attract foreign investment.

The complaints against the WTO, IMF, and others include all of the following EXCEPT:

The basic complaint against the WTO, IMF, and others is the amalgam of unintended consequences of globalization

environmental concerns,

worker exploitation and domestic job losses,

cultural extinction,

higher oil prices, and

diminished sovereignty of nations.

T/F   In most cultures, the first social institution infants are exposed to outside the home takes the form of a church, mosque, shrine, or synagogue.

T/F According to the World Bank, no country with less than 50 percent literacy has succeeded economically.

According to the World Bank, no country has been successful economically with less than 50 percent literacy, but when countries have invested in education:

the economic rewards have been substantial

_____ has a profound effect on marketing

T/F   The four social institutions that most strongly influence values and culture are schools, churches, families, and the media.

T/F   The Individualism/Collective Index refers to the preference for behavior that promotes one's self-interest.

T/F   People from cultures with high PDI scores are more likely to have a general distrust of others.

People from cultures with high PDI (Power Distance Index) scores are more likely to have a general distrust of others (not those in their groups) because

power is seen to rest with individuals and is coercive rather than legitimate.

A traditional definition of _____ centers around the notion that it is the sum of the values, rituals, symbols, beliefs, and thought processes that are learned, shared by a group of people, and transmitted from generation to generation.

Most traditional definitions of culture center around the notion that culture is the sum of the

the values, rituals, symbols, beliefs, and thought processes that are learned and shared by a group of people, then transmitted from generation to generation.

The most useful information on how cultural values influence various types of business and market behavior comes from work done by:

The most useful information on how cultural values influence various types of business and market behavior comes from seminal work by

Hofstede studyies more than _______ people in ___ countries

what did hofstede in his studies find

he found that the cultures of the nations studied differed along four primary dimensions.

The _____ Index refers to the preference for behavior that promotes one's self-interest.

        Individualism/Collectivism

Which of the following countries scores highest on the Individualism/Collectivism Index meaning that this country values and rewards individual initiative more than the others cited?

The Uncertainty Avoidance Index measure the tolerance of _____ and _____ among members of a society.

what index measures the tolerance of uncertainty and ambiguity among members of a society

The Uncertainty Avoidance Index

Cultures with high UAI scores are

highly intolerant of ambiguity and as a result tend to be distrustful of new ideas or behaviors

Which country would most likely favor face-to-face contact with a broker

Which of the following cultures are associated with low level of anxiety and stress, a tolerance of deviance, and dissent, and a willingness to take risks?

        Cultures scoring low in uncertainty avoidance

Which of the following terms pertains to societies in which people from birth onward are integrated into strong, cohesive groups, which throughout people's lifetimes continue to protect them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty?

what pertains to societies in which people from birth onward are integrated into strong, cohesive groups, which throughout people's lifetimes continue to protect them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty.

Which of the following indexes have proven to be the most useful dimension in understanding cultural values?

what dimension has proven the most useful of the four dimensions, justifying entire books on the subject.

The Individualism/Collectivism

Based on the Individualism/Collectivism Index, in which of the following countries will the "virtual social" activity of sitting alone at one's computer be most acceptable?

where we might predict that the "virtually social" activity of sitting alone at one's computer might be most acceptable.

in America, where individualism reigns supreme

Giving a gift in another country requires careful attention if it is to be done properly. According to characteristics of gift giving, CHINA most likely practices this form of gift giving

never make an issue of a gift presentation--publicly or privately;

gifts should be presented privately, with the exception of collective ceremonial gifts at banquets or after speeches.

Marketing strategy is judged culturally in terms of ____.

        acceptance, resistance, or rejection

Marketing strategy is judged culturally in terms of

acceptance, resistance, or rejection. How marketing efforts interact with a culture determines the degree of success or failure.

The strategy of _________ involves marketing products similar to ones already on the market in a manner as congruent as possible with existing cultural norms, thereby minimizing resistance  

A company may employ a strategy of planned change

that is, deliberately set out to change those aspects of the culture offering resistance to predetermined marketing goals.

The Westernized diet has caused many Japanese to become overweight. This is an example of ____.

A company may employ a strategy of planned change

that is, deliberately set out to change those aspects of the culture offering resistance to predetermined marketing goals.

an example of ________, consider how the Japanese diet has changed since the introduction of milk and bread soon after World War II.

_____ are the business customs and expectations that must be met and conformed to or avoided if relationships are to be successful.

With respect to business customs, customs to which adaptation is helpful, but not necessary are called:

Business customs can be grouped into imperatives

, customs that must be recognized and accommodated

customs to which adaptation is helpful but not necessary; and exclusives, customs in which an outsider must not participate.

Cultural electives relate to areas

of behavior or to customs that cultural aliens may wish to conform to or participate in but that are not required. In other words, following the custom in question is not particularly important but is permissible.

There are many different views regarding the most important ideas on which normative U.S. cultural concepts are based. All of the following are generally accepted as acceptable ideas with this respect EXCEPT:

        the collective good outweighs the individual gain.

The most important ideas on which normative U.S. cultural concepts are based are the following:

1) "Master of destiny" viewpoint,

2) Independent enterprise as the instrument of social action,

3) Personnel selection and reward based on merit,

4) Decisions based on objective analysis

, 5) Wide sharing in decision making,

6) Never-ending quest for improvement, and

7) Competition producing efficiency.

Which of the following would be the best description of the "master of destiny" philosophy that is fundamental to U.S. management thought?

People can substantially influence the future--they are in control of their own future.

what philosophy is fundamental to U.S. management thought. Simply stated, people can substantially influence the future; they are in control of their own destinies.

According to the text, which of the following is the most fundamental notion in Western management?

        Competition is crucial for efficiency

--Perhaps most fundamental to Western management practices is the notion that

competition is crucial for efficiency, improvement, and regeneration.

In _____ countries, subordinates are not likely to contradict bosses, but in _____ countries, they often do.

In ________PDI countries, subordinates are not likely to contradict bosses

In ________PDI countries, subordinates often contradict bosses

Which of the following firms is most likely to practice top-level management decision making?

        A winery owned and run by the owner-manager family

Top-level management decision making is generally found in situations in which

family or close ownership gives absolute control to owners and businesses are small enough to allow such centralized decision making.

Which of the following forms of business decision-making characterizes most Asian countries?

Because Asian cultures and religions tend to emphasize harmony and collectivism

, group decision making predominates there.

What explains the fact that group decision making predominates in Asian cultures?

        Most Asian cultures and religions emphasize harmony and collectivism.

Personal security and job mobility relate directly to

Assume that you wanted to work for a company that had a strong paternalistic orientation and would probably employ you for your entire life. In which of the following countries would you find that the majority of companies would follow the employment model you have described?

what countries are particularly in the more hierarchical (PDI) countries

European companies, such as France and Italy

European companies such as France and Italy, have a strong paternalistic orientation, and it is assumed

that individuals will work for one company for the majority of their lives.

For international marketers operating in authoritative and delegated societies, the chief problem is:

identifying the individual with authority.

In the case of the authoritative and delegated societies

the chief problem is to identify the individual with authority.

Research has shown that commitment of workers to their companies tended to be higher in countries _____ and ____.

        higher in individualism; lower in power distance

According to the high-context/low-context continuum identified by Edward Hall, communication in a high-context culture depends heavily on all of the following EXCEPT:

According to the high-context/low-context continuum identified by Edward Hall, communication in a high-context culture depends heavily on all of the following

contextual (who says it, when it is said, how it is said) or nonverbal aspects of communication

the low-context culture depends more on

explicit, verbally expressed communications.

In a high context implicit communication environment who says something, how it is said, and when it is said is very important. Which of the following countries would we find to be "high context implicit" with respect to communication practices?

In a low-context explicit communication culture one would expect to find that verbal exactness in communication dominates other communication variables. Which of the following countries has been described as being low context explicit with respect to communication practices?

Gerard is heading his sales team for negotiations with their Arab partners. He was educated about the communication preferences well in advance by his PR person. Which of the following could be the most common mistake that he might have committed otherwise?

_____and _____ are probably the most common mistakes of North Americans attempting to trade in the Middle East.

In the United States, Switzerland, Germany, and Norway one thing at a time receives attention with respect to time. This would be called:

the use of M-time of Western cultures:

tend to concentrate on one thing at a time.

They divide time into small units and are concerned with promptness.

M-time is used in a linear way, and it is experienced as almost tangible, in that one saves time, wastes time, bides time, spends time, and loses time.

being involved with people and being sensitive to relationships is just as important (if not more important) than sticking to a schedule. Ms. Chen could be characterized following which of the following time models?

P-time is characterized by 

the simultaneous occurrence of many things and by "a great involvement with people." P-time allows for relationships to build and context to be absorbed as parts of high-context cultures.

Ramon knows that he will have to forget "Mexican time" and be aware of "American time." As he shifts to "American time," which of the following time models will Mr. Garcia need to understand and follow if he is to be successful during his stay in America?

What does "no direct foreign marketing" mean?

No active cultivation of customers outside national boundaries. Products may reach foreign markets however

a company in this stage does not actively cultivate customers outside national boundaries; however, this company's products may reach foreign markets

no direct foreign marketing

what does "Infrequent foreign marketing" mean?

temporary surpluses caused by variations in production levels or demand may reach foreign markets

temporary surpluses caused by variations in production levels or demand may result In

infrequent marketing overseas

when is foreign sales activity is reduced or even withdrawn

As domestic demand Increases and absorbs surpluses

In which of the following ways do social institutions affect cultural values quizlet?

What do you understand by SRC and culture?

Which of the following elements in international marketing are uncontrollable elements of the domestic environment?

Which of the following are characteristics of relationship oriented cultures?