18 April 2005 Show
Lecture 39 Reading, Chapter 12, Chapter 13 VII. Biodiversity A. Prokaryotes (and viruses) 4. Human pathogens Most bacteria and viruses are harmless. Many bacteria are beneficial to humans and the living world. A few cause disease. In the case of bacteria, this is usually a matter of bacterial cells getting into tissues and killing them with poisons that they produce. Viruses destroy cells as part of their life history but they are specific about the organism and cell type that they infect. Most viruses do not infect humans. a. Bacterial diseases Some examples of bacterial diseases include: anthrax These diseases once killed millions annually and are still major killers in the developing world. In the developed world, they are now relatively easy to control with clean water, antibiotics, and sometimes vaccines. Further information about these bacterial diseases is in Table 13.3 on page 301 of your text. b. Antibiotics Antibiotics are simply chemicals that kill prokaryotic cells but do not harm eukaryotic cells. They are natural chemicals produced by fungi and bacteria that act to control their bacterial competitors. For example, streptomycin stops protein synthesis in prokaryotic cells by binding to their unusual ribosomes. Streptomycin does not stop protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells because it does not bind to eukaryotic ribosomes. Penicillin and vancomycin inhibit enzymes required for formation of the bacterial cell wall, a structure that bacterial cells have but animal cells do not. (The first antibiotic, penicillin, was discovered when Alexander Fleming noticed that a fungal contaminant in his bacterial culture was killing the bacteria. Instead of throwing the "bad" culture plate away, he learned from it and changed the world. This has become a parable on the value of having a prepared mind in the sciences. Fleming realized in a moment that his "accident" had shown him something he could never have found intentionally.) c. Vaccines These are mixtures of proteins and other substances that train your immune system to recognize a particular foreign protein and destroy it. Once trained, your immune cells attack and destroy viral particles in your blood and tissues. Aggressive programs of vaccination have been used to eradicate terrible viral diseases such as smallpox and polio. d. Antiobiotic resistance Like all living things, bacteria experience random changes in their genome. Some of the changes are beneficial and improve reproduction under the prevailing selective environment. If the selective environment includes antibiotics, eventually, a mutation will occur that confers resistance to the antibiotic and the descendants of that bacterium will survive better than non-resistant strains. Mutations that confer antibiotic resistance typically cause one of three things: alteration of the binding site of the antibiotic on the protein that it normally interferes with, alteration of an enzyme such that it degrades the antibiotic, or alteration of a transporter protein such that the antibiotic is exported from the cell. Widespread use of antibiotics has led to the appearance of many antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. This threatens to make bacterial disease major killers once again. At present, 70% of bacterial infections acquired in hospitals are antibiotic-resistant. The death rate from such infections, while still low, has increased 8-fold in the last 10 years. There are several steps that can be taken to slow the appearance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria: 1) Do not over-prescribe antibiotics. They are useless against viral infections such as colds and flu and simply favor the evolution of resistance when used unnecessarily. e. Viral diseases Viral pathogens differ from bacterial ones in that the antibiotics that kill bacteria do not work against viruses. There are very few antiviral drugs. One reason for this is that viruses only grow when they are inside your cells. Most of the chemicals that would stop their growth would do so by killing your cells. There are very few viral proteins for drugs to bind with and inhibit. Viruses offer very few "drug targets" because they are so simple. Viral infections can be prevented by vaccines. These are mixtures of proteins and other substances that train your immune system to recognize a particular foreign protein and destroy it. Once trained, your immune cells attack and destroy viral particles in your blood and tissues. Aggressive programs of vaccination have been used to eradicate terrible viral diseases such as smallpox and polio. Poliovirus Why are eukaryotic cells unaffected by streptomycin and similar antibiotics quizlet?Eukaryotic cell walls are unaffected by these antibiotics because the cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan.
Which of the following best predicts a key difference in prokaryotes?Based on the information in Table 1, which of the following best predicts a key difference in prokaryotes and eukaryotes with regard to transcription and translation? The two processes will occur simultaneously in prokaryotes but not eukaryotes.
Which of the following statements best explains the changes seen in a pistillate in response to the changing water conditions?Which of the following statements best explains the changes seen in S. pistillata in response to the changing water conditions? The corals' adaptation is an example of natural selection because the tolerance is in response to a changing environment and has a genetic basis.
Which of the following best explains the process represented by Figure 1 responses?Which of the following correctly explains the process shown in Figure 1 ? Initiation of transcription is occurring because a strand of RNA is being produced from a DNA template strand.
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