What is the blotting out or smearing over the writing to make the original invisible?

QUESTIONED DOCUMENTSDOCUMENT-any material which contains marks, symbols or signs, either visible or partially visible or invisible, thatmay presently or ultimately convey a meaning or message to someone-usually in the form of pencil, ink writing, typewriting or printing on paperQUESTIONED DOCUMENT-any document in which some issue has been raised or which is under scrutiny-a document may be questioned in whole or in part with respect to its authenticity, identity or authorship,origin, or the relation among its parts or its relation to other thingsDISPUTED DOCUMENT-suggests that there is an argument or controversy over the documentA. PRINCIPLES OF WRITINGWRITING-the result of a very complicated series of acts, being as a whole a combination of certain forms whichare the visible results of mental and muscular habits acquired by long, continued effort-a combination of certain forms which are the very visible result of mental and muscular habitsWRITTEN FORM-a record of a motion and mature writing by many repetitions which become an unconscious coordinatedmovementHANDWRITING-a visible effect of bodily movement which is an almost unconscious expression of fixed muscular habits,reacting from fixed mental impressions of certain ideas associated with script formCURSIVE WRITING-writing in which the letters are for the most part joined togetherHAND MUSCLES IN THE HANDS WHICH FUNCTION IN THE ACT OF WRITING1)EXTENSOR MUSCLESopush up the pen to form the upward strokes2)FLEXOR MUSCLESopush down the pen to form downward strokes3)LUMBRICAL MUSCLESocombine with the extensor and the flexor to form lateral strokesMOTOR COORDINATION-the delicate way in which the various muscles - used in writing - work together to produce written formsWRITING MOVEMENTS1)FINGER MOVEMENTothe use of thumb, index and middle fingers in writingousually employed by children and illiteratesomostly employed in vertical writing and mainly in all printed styles of writingoalmost always employed in forgeryowriting produced is characterized by the following:a)lacks of clear-cut, smooth and regular linesb)contains numerous broad curvesc)has irregular connection between letters and letter partsd)often appears slow and laborede)lacks rhythmf)shading is pronounced2)HAND MOVEMENToinvolves action of the hand as a whole, with fingers playing a minor roleopivot of lateral motion is the wristothe connections at the tops and bottoms of letters are very narrow and angularoproduces illegible and scratchy writing3)FOREARM MOVEMENTowriting is produced by movement of both hand and arm and sometimes, fingersoelbow is the pivot of lateral movementogives great command of the hand and the most complete lateral freedomoshows the greatest freedom and speed as evidenced in the strokes by:a)force and continuity of motion as shown by smooth, clear-cut, rapid, symmetrical strokes indicativeof rhythmb)slight shading is producedc)

1. Foreword Janis M. Winchester, Editor This inaugural edition of the Journal of the American Society of Questioned Document Examiners represents a new step in the field of Forensic Science. We are pleased to provide a peer reviewed compilation of papers presented at forensic science meetings, original research and technical notes concerning the field of Forensic Document Examination. Many individuals have contributed to the accomplishments of this first edition. Pulling together a new Journal requires a considerable amount of coordination. We appreciate the authors whose works are represented in this issue, and look forward to presenting the other scientific papers that are still in progress in future editions. 2. Editorial: A Brief History of the American Society of Questioned Document Examiners James V. P. Conroy The American Society of Questioned Document Examiners (ASQDE), formally established on September 2, 1942, is the oldest and most prestigious organization of questioned d...

Is the blotting out or smearing over of writing to make the original invisible or undecipherable?

What is the term given for the act of blotting or smearing over a writing or printing to make the original document unreadable?

What is retracing in questioned document?

When a person has tried to disguise their handwriting or copy someone else's handwriting?