What interaction design is and how it relates to human computer interaction and other fields?

Interaction design focuses on creating engaging interfaces with well thought out behaviors. Understanding how users and technology communicate with each other is fundamental to this field. With this understanding, you can anticipate how someone might interact with the system, fix problems early, as well as invent new ways of doing things.

Best Practices for Designing Interactions

Consider these qualities and associated questions when creating digital products that have an interactive element:

Questions to Consider when Designing for Interaction
Define How Users Can Interact with the Interface	What can a user do with their mouse, finger, or stylus to directly interact with the interface? This includes pushing buttons, dragging and dropping across the interface, etc. What commands can a user give, that aren’t directly a part of the product, to interact with it? An example of an “indirect manipulation” is when a user hits “Ctrl+C”, they expect to be able to copy a piece of content.
Give Users Clues about Behavior before Actions are Taken	What about the appearance (color, shape, size, etc) gives the user a clue about how it may function? These help the user understand how it can be used. What information do you provide to let a user know what will happen before they perform an action? These tell users what will happen if they decide to move forward with their action. This can include meaningful label on a button, instructions before a final submission, etc.
Anticipate and Mitigate Errors	Are there constraints put in place to help prevent errors? The Poka-Yoke Principle says that placing these constraints forces the user to adjust behavior in order to move forward with their intended action. Do error messages provide a way for the user to correct the problem or explain why the error occurred? Helpful error messages provide solutions and context.
Consider System Feedback and Response Time	What feedback does a user get once an action is performed? When a user engages and performs an action, the system needs to respond to acknowledge the action and to let the user know what it is doing. How long between an action and a product’s response time? Responsiveness (latency) can be characterized at four levels: immediate (less than 0.1 second), stammer (0.1-1 second), interruption (1-10 seconds), and disruption (more than 10 seconds).
Strategically Think about Each Elements	Are the interface elements a reasonable size to interact with? Fitts’ Law says that elements, such as buttons, need to be big enough for a user to be able to click it. This is particularly important in a mobile context that likely includes a touch component. Are edges and corners strategically being used to locate interactive elements like menus? Fitts’ Law also states that since the edge provides a boundary that the mouse or finger cannot go beyond, it tends to be a good location for menus and buttons. Are you following standards? Users have an understanding of how interface elements are supposed to function. You should only depart from the standards if a new way improves upon the old.
Simplify for Learnability	Is information chunked into seven (plus or minus two) items at a time? George Miller found that people are only able to keep five to nine items in the short-term memory before they forgot or had errors. Is the user’s end simplified as much as possible? Tesler’s Law of Conservation notes that you need to try to remove complexity as much as possible from the user and instead build the system to take it into account. With that said, he also notes to keep in mind that things can only be simplified to a certain point before they no longer function. Are familiar formats used? Hick’s Law states that decision time is affected by how familiar a format is for a user to follow, how familiar they are with the choices, and the number of choice they need to decide between.

References

Human-computer interaction (HCI) is defined as the field of study that focuses on optimizing how users and computers interact by designing interactive computer interfaces that satisfy users’ needs. This article explains the fundamentals of HCI, its goals, importance, and examples.

What Is HCI?

Human-computer interaction (HCI) is the field of study that focuses on optimizing how users and computers interact by designing interactive computer interfaces that satisfy users’ needs. It is a multidisciplinary subject covering computer science, behavioral sciences, cognitive science, ergonomics, psychology, and design principles.

The emergence of HCI dates back to the 1980s, when personal computing was on the rise. It was when desktop computers started appearing in households and corporate offices. HCI’s journey began with video games, word processors, and numerical units.

However, with the advent of the internet and the explosion of mobile and diversified technologies such as voice-based and Internet of Things (IoT), computing became omnipresent and omnipotent. Technological competence further led to the evolution of user interactions. Consequently, the need for developing a tool that would make such man-machine interactions more human-like grew significantly. This established HCI as a technology, bringing different fields such as cognitive engineering, linguistics, neuroscience, and others under its realm.

Today, HCI focuses on designing, implementing, and evaluating interactive interfaces that enhance user experience using computing devices. This includes user interface design, user-centered design, and user experience design.

Human-Computer Interaction

Key components of HCI

Fundamentally, HCI is made up of four key components:

1. The user

The user component refers to an individual or a group of individuals that participate in a common task. HCI studies users’ needs, goals, and interaction patterns. It analyzes various parameters such as users’ cognitive capabilities, emotions, and experiences to provide them with a seamless experience while interacting with computing systems.

2. The goal-oriented task

A user operates a computer system with an objective or goal in mind. The computer provides a digital representation of objects to accomplish this goal. For example, booking an airline for a destination could be a task for an aviation website. In such goal-oriented scenarios, one should consider the following aspects for a better user experience:

The complexity of the task that the user intends to accomplish
Knowledge and skills necessary to interact with the digital object
Time required to carry out the task

3. The interface

The interface is a crucial HCI component that can enhance the overall user interaction experience. Various interface-related aspects must be considered, such as interaction type (touch, click, gesture, or voice), screen resolution, display size, or even color contrast. Users can adjust these depending on the user’s needs and requirements.

For example, consider a user visiting a website on a smartphone. In such a case, the mobile version of the website should only display important information that allows the user to navigate through the site easily. Moreover, the text size should be appropriately adjusted so that the user is in a position to read it on the mobile device. Such design optimization boosts user experience as it makes them feel comfortable while accessing the site on a mobile phone.

4. The context

HCI is not only about providing better communication between users and computers but also about factoring in the context and environment in which the system is accessed. For example, while designing a smartphone app, designers need to evaluate how the app will visually appear in different lighting conditions (during day or night) or how it will perform when there is a poor network connection. Such aspects can have a significant impact on the end-user experience.

Thus, HCI is a result of continuous testing and refinement of interface designs that can affect the context of use for the users.

See More: What Is Semantic Analysis? Definition, Examples, and Applications in 2022

Importance of HCI

HCI is crucial in designing intuitive interfaces that people with different abilities and expertise usually access. Most importantly, human-computer interaction is helpful for communities lacking knowledge and formal training on interacting with specific computing systems.

With efficient HCI designs, users need not consider the intricacies and complexities of using the computing system. User-friendly interfaces ensure that user interactions are clear, precise, and natural.

Let’s understand the importance of HCI in our day-to-day lives:

1. HCI in daily lives

Today, technology has penetrated our routine lives and has impacted our daily activities. To experience HCI technology, one need not own or use a smartphone or computer. When people use an ATM, food dispensing machine, or snack vending machine, they inevitably come in contact with HCI. This is because HCI plays a vital role in designing the interfaces of such systems that make them usable and efficient.

2. Industry

Industries that use computing technology for day-to-day activities tend to consider HCI a necessary business-driving force. Efficiently designed systems ensure that employees are comfortable using the systems for their everyday work. With HCI, systems are easy to handle, even for untrained staff.

HCI is critical for designing safety systems such as those used in air traffic control (ATC) or power plants. The aim of HCI, in such cases, is to make sure that the system is accessible to any non-expert individual who can handle safety-critical situations if the need arises.

3. Accessible to disabled

The primary objective of HCI is to design systems that make them accessible, usable, efficient, and safe for anyone and everyone. This implies that people with a wide range of capabilities, expertise, and knowledge can easily use HCI-designed systems. It also encompasses people with disabilities. HCI tends to rely on user-centered techniques and methods to make systems usable for people with disabilities.

4. An integral part of software success

HCI is an integral part of software development companies that develop software for end-users. Such companies use HCI techniques to develop software products to make them usable. Since the product is finally consumed by the end-user, following HCI methods is crucial as the product’s sales depend on its usability.

5. Useful for untrained communities

Today, user manuals for general computer systems are a rarity. Very few advanced and complex computing systems provide user manuals. In general, users expect the systems to be user-friendly and enable them to access the system within a few minutes of interacting with it. Here, HCI is an effective tool that designers can use to design easy-to-use interfaces. HCI principles also ensure that the systems have obvious interfaces and do not require special training to be used. Hence, HCI makes computing systems suitable for an untrained community.

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Examples of HCI

Technological development has brought to light several tools, gadgets, and devices such as wearable systems, voice assistants, health trackers, and smart TVs that have advanced human-computer interaction technology.

Let’s look at some prominent examples of HCI that have accelerated its evolution.

1. IoT technology

IoT devices and applications have significantly impacted our daily lives. According to a May 2022 report by IoT Analytics, global IoT endpoints are expected to reach 14.4 billion in 2022 and grow to 27 billion (approx.) by 2025. As users interact with such devices, they tend to collect their data, which helps understand different user interaction patterns. IoT companies can make critical business decisions that can eventually drive their future revenues and profits.

A recent development in the field of HCI introduced the concept of ‘pre-touch sensing’ through pre-touch phones. This means the phone can detect how the user holds the phone or which finger approaches the screen first for operation. Upon detecting the user’s hand movements, the device immediately predicts the user’s intentions and performs the task before the user gives any instructions.

Another HCI-related development is that of ‘Paper ID’. The paper acts as a touchscreen, senses the environment, detects gestures, and connects to other IoT devices. Fundamentally, it digitizes the paper and executes tasks based on gestures by focusing on man-machine interaction variables.

2. Eye-tracking technology

Eye-tracking is about detecting where a person is looking based on the gaze point. Eye-tracking devices use cameras to capture the user’s gaze along with some embedded light sources for clarity. Moreover, these devices use machine learning algorithms and image processing capabilities for accurate gaze detection.

Businesses can use such eye-tracking systems to monitor their personnel’s visual attention. It can help companies manage distractions that tend to trouble their employees, enhancing their focus on the task. In this manner, eye-tracking technology, along with HCI-enabled interactions, can help industries monitor the daily operations of their employees or workers.

Other applications include ‘driver monitoring systems’ that ensure road security. Moreover, in the future, HCI-enabled eye-tracking systems may allow users to scroll through a computer screen just by rolling their eyeballs.

3. Speech recognition technology

Speech recognition technology interprets human language, derives meaning from it, and performs the task for the user. Recently, this technology has gained significant popularity with the emergence of chatbots and virtual assistants.

For example, products such as Amazon’s Alexa, Microsoft’s Cortana, Google’s Google Assistant, and Apple’s Siri employ speech recognition to enable user interaction with their devices, cars, etc. The combination of HCI and speech recognition further fine-tune man-machine interactions that allow the devices to interpret and respond to users’ commands and questions with maximum accuracy. It has various applications, such as transcribing conference calls, training sessions, and interviews.

4. AR/VR technology

AR and VR are immersive technologies that allow humans to interact with the digital world and increase the productivity of their daily tasks. For example, smart glasses enable hands-free and seamless user interaction with computing systems. Consider an example of a chef who intends to learn a new recipe. With smart glass technology, the chef can learn and prepare the target dish simultaneously.

Moreover, the technology also reduces system downtime significantly. This implies that as smart AR/VR glasses such as ‘Oculus Quest 2’ are supported by apps, the faults or problems in the system can be resolved by maintenance teams in real-time. This enhances user experience in a minimum time span. Also, the glasses can detect the user’s response to the interface and further optimize the interaction based on the user’s personality, needs, and preferences.

Thus, AR/VR technology with the blend of HCI ensures that the task is accomplished with minimal errors and also achieves greater accuracy and quality. Currently, HCI research is targeting other fields of study, such as brain-computer interfaces and sentiment analysis, to boost the user’s AR/VR experience.

A recent development in this regard has been enabled via ‘Dexta Haptic Gloves.’ These VR gloves can sense and process touch parameters such as surface hardness, softness, etc. These gloves can memorize a user’s finger movements by locking and unlocking the finger joints as they interact in the VR environment. Later, the gloves can replicate the recorded data of feelings across various degrees in real life.

5. Cloud computing

Today, companies across different fields are embracing remote task forces. According to a ‘Breaking Barriers 2020’ survey by Fuze (An 8×8 Company), around 83% of employees feel more productive working remotely. Considering the current trend, conventional workplaces will witness a massive rejig and transform entirely in a couple of decades. Thanks to cloud computing and human-computer interaction, such flexible offices have become a reality.

Moreover, an employee can access data on the cloud from any physical location by exploiting cloud-based SaaS services. Such virtual settings streamline workflows and support seamless collaboration with remote teams across industry verticals without impacting productivity. Thus, with time, the idea of traditional offices will cease to exist, mainly because of SaaS and HCI.

See More: What Is General Artificial Intelligence (AI)? Definition, Challenges, and Trends

Goals of HCI

The principal objective of HCI is to develop functional systems that are usable, safe, and efficient for end-users. The developer community can achieve this goal by fulfilling the following criteria:

Have sound knowledge of how users use computing systems
Design methods, techniques, and tools that allow users to access systems based on their needs
Adjust, test, refine, validate, and ensure that users achieve effective communication or interaction with the systems
Always give priority to end-users and lay the robust foundation of HCI

To realize the above points, developers must focus on two relevant areas: usability and user experience. Let’s look at each category in detail:

1. Usability

Usability is key to HCI as it ensures that users of all types can quickly learn and use computing systems. A practical and usable HCI system has the following characteristics:

How to use it: This should be easy to learn and remember for new and infrequent users to learn and remember. For example, operating systems with a user-friendly interface are easier to understand than DOS operating systems that use a command-line interface.
Safe: A safe system safeguards users from undesirable and dangerous situations. This may refer to users making mistakes and errors while using the system that may lead to severe consequences. Users can resolve this through HCI practices. For example, systems can be designed to prevent users from activating specific keys or buttons accidentally. Another example could be to provide recovery plans once the user commits mistakes. This may give users the confidence to explore the system or interface further.
Efficient: An efficient system defines how good the system is and whether it accomplishes the tasks that it is supposed to. Moreover, it illustrates how the system provides the necessary support to users to complete their tasks.
Effective: A practical system provides high-quality performance. It describes whether the system can achieve the desired goals.
Utility: Utility refers to the various functionalities and tools provided by the system to complete the intended task. For example, a sound utility system offers an integrated development environment (IDE) that provides intermittent help to programmers or users through suggestions.
Enjoyable: Users find the computing system enjoyable to use when the interface is less complex to interpret and understand.

2. User experience

User experience is a subjective trait that focuses on how users feel about the computing system when interacting with it. Here, user feelings are studied individually so that developers and support teams can target particular users to evoke positive feelings while using the system.

HCI systems classify user interaction patterns into the following categories and further refine the system based on the detected pattern:

Desirable traits – satisfying, enjoyable, motivating, or surprising
Undesirable traits – Frustrating, unpleasant, or annoying

See More: What Is Cortana? Definition, Working, Features, and Challenges

Takeaway

Cleverly designed computer interfaces motivate users to use digital devices in this modern technological age. HCI enables a two-way dialog between man and machine. Such effective communication makes users believe they are interacting with human personas and not any complex computing system. Hence, it is crucial to build a strong foundation of HCI that can impact future applications such as personalized marketing, eldercare, and even psychological trauma recovery.

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How does interaction design relate HCI?

According to Wikipedia Human Computer Interaction involves the study, planning, and design of the interaction between people (users) and computers. Interaction Design is the practice of: understanding users' needs and goals. designing tools for users to achieve those goals.

What is human computer interaction design?

Human-computer interaction (HCI) is a design field that focuses on the interfaces between people and computers. HCI incorporates multiple disciplines, such as computer science, psychology, human factors, and ergonomics, into one field. Learn the principles of HCI to help you create intuitive and usable interfaces.

What is interaction design means?

Put simply, interaction design (IxD) involves examining and defining the interactions (via an interface – UI) between a system and its user (UX). As a practice, it strives to create more meaningful relationships between people and the products and services that they use.

What is interaction design and why is it important?

* Interaction design determines how people interact with computers and communications. This is an issue of profound economic and cultural importance. * Interaction design determines the value of a communication service to its users, and the quality of experience they have when using it.