Paul Ekman is a contemporary psychologist who studies the relationship between emotions and facial expressions. He is well known for his ability to detect lies. Show
Professional LifePaul Ekman was born in Washington, DC, in 1934 and lived in many states throughout his childhood. He studied at both New York University and the University of Chicago. He graduated from Adelphi University in 1958 with a PhD in clinical psychology. Ekman interned at the Langly Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute and later worked as a consultant there. He was a professor of psychology in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of California in San Franciso. He retired from both the Langly Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute and the University of California in 2004. Ekman has received multiple awards, including Research Scientist Award from the National Institute of Mental Health on six separate occasions, and he was named one of TIME magazine's 100 Most Influential People. Contribution to PsychologyEkman is best known for his work with facial expressions. He theorized that not all expressions are the result of culture. Instead, they express universal emotions and are therefore biological. He discovered that several facial expressions of emotion, such as fear, anger, sadness, joy, and surprise were universal and that people could easily read these expressions in people from different cultures. In collaboration with Dr. Maureen O’Sulllivan, Ekman studied the micro-expressions displayed by people in order to detect if they were telling the truth or lying. These micro-expressions are tiny, involuntary alterations in facial expression that can indicate anxiety and discomfort. The study, called the Wizards Project, discovered that only a relatively small percent of people can recognize deception naturally. Ekman called these people the Truth Wizards. Ekman created the Facial Action Coding System (FACS), which categorized every expression, not only on the face but also throughout the rest of the body. Ekman has studied the science and social influence behind lying and what significance lying has to our mental well-being. From his research working with tribal people in New Guinea, Ekman devised a list of universal emotions and expressions that he believed were present in all humans. They include surprise, sadness, happiness, disgust, anger, and fear. Ekman concluded that there were both negative and positive emotions that were universal to all humans, although not all were visible in facial expressions. This list of universal emotions includes:
Ekman has continued his work in the area of facial expression by applying it to trust issues, particularly relating to parent-child relationships. He is a contributor to the Greater Good Magazine and works with the Greater Good Science Center at the University of California at Berkeley. The popular television series Lie to Me was based upon Ekman's work. The main character, Dr. Cal Lightman, is trained in detecting deception and is loosely based upon Ekman himself. Controversy and CriticismEkman's theory of universal emotions has been heavily popularized, but some researchers have criticized his theories, noting for example that no population is fully isolated and that cultures tend to influence one another. Others have argued that his experiments are not rigorously controlled or that test subjects do not universally recognize emotions, but simply recognize them more frequently than they fail to recognize them. This is a preview. Log in through your library. Abstract Evidence on universals in facial expression of emotion and renewed controversy about how to interpret that evidence is discussed. New findings on the capability of voluntary facial action to generate changes in both autonomic and central nervous system activity are presented, as well as a discussion of the possible mechanisms relevant to this phenomenon. Finally, new work on the nature of smiling is reviewed which shows that it is possible to distinguish the smile when enjoyment is occurring from other types of smiling. Implications for the differences between voluntary and involuntary expression are considered. Journal Information From the beginning of its history the Royal Society has devoted much attention to the publication of communications by its Fellows and others. Within three years from the granting of the first Charter, Henry Oldenburg, the first Secretary, began publishing Philosophical Transactions in March 1665 and it has continued ever since. From 1887 onward, beginning with volume 178, the Transactions have been divided into two series: Series A, (Mathematics and Physical sciences) and Series B, (Biology). Transactions are published monthly and now include papers presented at Discussion Meetings as well as specific themes and reviews. Publisher Information The Royal Society is a self-governing Fellowship of many of the world's most distinguished scientists drawn from all areas of science, engineering and medicine, and is the oldest scientific academy in continuous existence. The Society’s fundamental purpose, reflected in its founding Charters of the 1660s, is to recognise, promote, and support excellence in science and to encourage the development and use of science for the benefit of humanity. The Society has played a part in some of the most fundamental, significant, and life-changing discoveries in scientific history and Royal Society scientists continue to make outstanding contributions to science in many research areas. Rights & Usage This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. What did Ekman and Friesen conclude from their research on facial expression?IMPLICATIONS OF THE RESEARCH
This study by Ekman and Friesen served to demonstrate scientifically what you already suspected: that facial expressions of emotions are universal.
What did Paul Ekman discover about facial expressions?What did Paul Ekman discover? Paul Ekman discovered that some facial expressions of emotion are universal while many of the apparent differences in facial expressions across cultures were due to context. He also co-discovered micro facial expressions.
What is the conclusion from research about facial expressions?Conclusion. Because facial expressions of emotion are part of our evolutionary history and are a biologically innate ability, we all have the ability to read them.
What did Paul Ekman's experiment conclude?Ekman concluded that there were both negative and positive emotions that were universal to all humans, although not all were visible in facial expressions.
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What did ekman and friesen conclude from their research on facial expressions?
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