IntroductionA SWOT analysis is a planning tool which seeks to identify the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats involved in a project or organisation. It's a framework for matching an organisation's goals, programmes and capacities to the environment in which it operates. Show
This factsheet examines the four elements of SWOT and the process of conducting an analysis. It provides tips for conducting the analysis and a ready-to-use SWOT analysis template. The factsheet concludes by looking at scenarios when a SWOT analysis is most appropriate, as well as its advantages and disadvantages. See the full A-Z list of all CIPD factsheets. Video: Carrying out a SWOT analysisThis short video provides a SWOT analysis definition and explains how SWOT analysis works. Play Video For a transcript of this video, please scroll to the end of the page.
What is SWOT analysis?SWOT is an acronym for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats. Occasionally, it may also be found as a ‘WOTS up’ analysis or the TOWS analysis. The technique is credited to Albert Humphrey who led a research project at Stanford University in the 1960s and 1970s using data from leading companies involved in long range planning processes. A SWOT analysis is a planning tool used to understand key factors - strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats - involved in a project or in an organisation. It involves stating the objective of the organisation or project and identifying the internal and external factors that are either supportive or unfavourable to achieving that objective. SWOT is often used as part of a strategic or planning process, but can be applied to help understand an organisation or a situation, and also for decision-making for many different scenarios. The value of SWOT lies mainly in the fact that it offers self-assessment for management. The methodology has the advantage of being used as both a 'quick and dirty' tool or a comprehensive management tool, and that one (the quick) can lead to the other (the comprehensive). This flexibility is one of the factors that has contributed to its success. However, while the elements can appear deceptively simple and easy to apply, experience shows that to do a SWOT analysis that’s both effective and meaningful, requires time and a significant resource. Deciding what the strengths and weaknesses of an organisation are, as well as assessing the impact and probability of opportunities and threats, is far more complex than first appears. It requires a team effort and can’t be done effectively by just one person. Further, the inherent risk of making incorrect assumptions when assessing the SWOT elements can cause senior management to procrastinate when deciding between various strategic alternatives, frequently resulting in undesirable delays. Carrying out and using a SWOT analysis is part of the core knowledge on enabling change in our Profession Map. .
The SWOT frameworkA SWOT analysis process generates information that is helpful in matching an organisation or group’s goals, programs, and capacities to the environment in which it operates. The ‘SWOT’ itself is only a data capture exercise - the analysis follows later.
It's important to note the strengths and weaknesses are intrinsic value-creating skills or assets, or the lack of these, relative to competitive forces. Opportunities and threats are external factors which are not created by the organisation, but emerge as a result of the competitive dynamics caused by future gaps in the market. PESTLE analysis is used to look at opportunities and threats (external) elements.
The SWOT processDoing a SWOT analysis can be very straight forward, but its strengths lie in its flexibility and experienced application.
Some useful tips for carrying out a SWOT analysis:
When to use a SWOT analysisA SWOT analysis can be used for:
For example, using SWOT in a team meeting might include the following steps:
Advantages and disadvantages of using SWOT analysisThere are a number of advantages and disadvantages of using the SWOT approach to analysis. Advantages include:
Disadvantages include:
Useful contacts and further readingContactsSWOT analysis - Wikipedia Books and reportsThe essentials of strategy. (2006) Alexandria, VA: Society for Human Resource Management. HAVE, S., at al. (2003) Key management models: the management tools and practices that will improve your business. London: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. MORRISON, M. (2013) Strategic business diagnostic tools: theory and practice. CreateSpace Independent Publishing. (Especially Chapter 2: SWOT). Journal articlesCHERMACK, T.J. and KASSHANNA, B.K. (2007) The use and misuse of SWOT analysis and implications for HRD professionals. Human Resource Development International. Vol 10, No 4, December. pp383-399. GRUNDY, T. (2006) Rethinking and reinventing Michael Porter's five forces model. Strategic Change. Vol 15, No 5, August. pp213-229. HUSSEY, D. (2002) Company analysis: determining strategic capability. Strategic Change. Vol 11, No 1, January/February. pp43-52. REED, D. (2013) SWOT your way to the future. Industrial Management. March/April, Vol 55, Issue 2, pp23-26. CIPD members can use our online journals to find articles from over 300 journal titles relevant to HR. Members and People Management subscribers can see articles on the People Management website. This factsheet was last updated by Mark Wilson: Learning Community and Content Curator, CIPD Mark oversees the CIPD learning communities and the curation and presentation of learning to support professional development. His primary focusses are Learning & Development, Organisation Development and Design, and the Leading in Learning network. Explore our related content CIPD Learning Courses
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Video transcriptA SWOT analysis is a management framework and diagnostic tool. The outcome of the analysis will help you to understand factors both internal and external to your organisation which can impact upon strategy and influence business decisions. The SWOT framework. SWOT is an acronym for:
When compiling your individual SWOT factors, I would recommend you also include applicable elements from your own department such as the HR function as well as general business factors. Let’s look at each of these factors more closely. Strengths and Weaknesses are often factors that relate directly to your organisation and have been described in our template as Internal factors, whereas Opportunities and Threats generally relate to factors outside your organisation that can be advantageous or identified to mitigate the potential risks involved.
Next steps: Share your findings with colleagues to gather additional insight or areas missed. Opportunities for improvements will generally incur costs so this may require a business case for additional budgets. Put a plan of action together, prioritise any proposals with time-scales, costs and additional resources required to action changes. Good luck. What are the most important principles of a SWOT analysis?Begin with the strengths and weaknesses and then process the results. Move on to the opportunities and threats and do the same. It's critical to remain optimistic when you're discussing the results of a SWOT analysis. Weaknesses and threats can cause a planning team to feel defeated.
What is SWOT analysis and when should you use it?SWOT Analysis helps you to identify your organization's Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. It guides you to build on what you do well, address what you're lacking, seize new openings, and minimize risks. Apply a SWOT Analysis to assess your organization's position before you decide on any new strategy.
What is the importance of a SWOT analysis?A SWOT analysis will help you identify areas of your business that are performing well. These areas are your critical success factors and they give your business its competitive advantage. Identifying these strengths can help you make sure you maintain them so you don't lose your competitive advantage.
What is one of the most important aim of SWOT analysis?The primary goal of SWOT analysis is to increase awareness of the factors that go into making a business decision or establishing a business strategy. To do this, SWOT analyzes the internal and external environment and the factors that can impact the viability of a decision.
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