in its earliest days, psychology was defined as
the science of mental life
Who would be most likely to agree with the statement, "Psychology should investigate only behaviors that can be observed?"
Today, Psychology is defined as
the science of behavior and mental processes
Who introduced the early school of structuralism?
Who wrote the early textbook Principles of Psychology?
Psychologists who study the degree to which genes influence our personality are working from the ______ perspective
which of the following exemplifies the issue of the relative importance of nature and nurture on our behavior?
the issue of the relative influence of biology and experience on behavior
The seventeenth-century philosopher who believed that the mind is blank at birth and the most knowledge comes through sensory experience is
Which seventeenth-century philosopher believed that some ideas are innate?
Which psychological perspective emphasizes the interaction of the brain and body in behavior?
A psychologist who explores
how Asian and North American definitions of attractiveness differ is working within the ______ perspective.
A psychologists who conducts experiments solely intended to build psychology's knowledge base is engaged in
Psychologists who study, assess, and treat troubled people are called
Today, psychology is a discipline that
connects with a diversity of other fields
(Close-Up) In oder, the sequence of steps in the SQ3R method is
survey, question, read, review reflect
Psychologists who study how brain activity is linked to memory, perception and other thought processes are called
cognitive neuroscientists
The first psychology laboratory was established by ______ in the year ______
Who would be most likely to agree with the statement, "Psychology is the science of mental life"?
In psychology, "behavior" is best defined as:
any action we can observe and record
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are most closely associated with...
In defining psychology, the text notes that psychology is most accurately described as a...
way of asking and answering questions.
Two historical roots of psychology are the disciplines of...
The Greek philosopher who believed that intelligence was inherited was...
The way the mind encodes, processes, stores, and retrieves information is the primary concern of the ______ perspective.
Which of the following individuals is also a physician?
. Dr. Jones' research centers on the relationship between changes in our thinking over the life span and changes in moral reasoning. Dr. Jones is most likely a
developmental psychologist
Which subfield is most directly concerned with studying human behavior in the workplace?
c. industrial-organizational psychology
Dr. Ernst explains behavior in terms of different situations. Dr. Ernst is working withing the ____ perspective.
Which persective emphasizes the learning of observable reponses?
A psychologist who studies how worker productivity might be increased by changing office layout is engaged in _______ research.
(Close-Up) A major principle underlying the SQ3R study method is that
People learn and remember material best when they actively process it
The biopsychosocial approach emphasizes the importance of
different levels of analysis in exploring behavior and mental processes
. Jawan believes that psychologists should go back to using introspection as a research tool. This technique is based on
self-examination of mental processes
Dharma's term paper on the history of American psychology notes that:
a)psychology began as the science of mental life b)from the 1920s into the 1960s, psychology was defined as the scientific study of observable behavior c) contemporary psychologists study both overt behavior and convert thoughts
Terrence wants to talk to a professional to help him cope with some academic challenges he's been facing. You recommend he contact a
Professor Guitierrez, who believes that human emotions are best understood as being jointly determined by heredity, learning, and the individual's social and cultural contexts, is evidently a proponent of the
The philosophical views of John Locke are to those of Rene Descartes as ______ is to _______
During his presentation on the history of psychology, Sanjay notes that Darwin's theory led most directly to the development of the school of
In concluding her report on the "nature-nuture debate in contemporary psychology," Karen notes that
nurture works on what nature endows
Dr. Waung investigates how a person's interpretation of a situation affects his or her reaction. Evidently, Dr. Waung is working from the _______ perspective
Dr. Aswad is studying people's enduring inner traits. Dr. Aswad is most likely a(n):
c. personality psychologist.
During a dinner conversation, a friend says that the cognitive and behavioral perspectives are quite similar. You disagree and point out that the
cognitive emphasizes _______, whereas the behavioral perspective emphasizes _______.
a. conscious processes, observable responces
Your roommate announces that her schedule permits her to devote three hours to studying for an upcoming quiz. You advice her to:
c. space study time
over several short sessions.
A fraternity brother rationalizes the fact that he spends very little time studying by saying that he "doesn't want to peak too soon and have the test material become stale." You tell him that:
a) he is probably overestimating his knowledge of the material b)is he devotes extra time to studying, his retention of the material will be improved c) the more often students review material, the better their exam scores
how the body and brain create emotions, memories and sensations
social-cultural perspective
how people differ as products of different environments
the medical treatment of psychological disorders
the study, assessment, and treatment of troubled people
Behavior Genetics Perspective
How much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences.
the mechanics by which observable responses are acquired and changed
industrial-organizational psychology
behavior in the workplace
how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information
adds to psychology's knowledge base
the study of practical problems
how natural selection favors traits that promote the perpetuation of one's genes
psychodynamic perspective
the disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas
an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the contents of the mind
an early school of psychology that focus on the adaptive value of thoughts and behaviors
the view that psychology should be an objective science that avoids reference to mental processes
the brain activity linked with perception, thinking, memory and language
the scientific attitude of skepticism is based on the belief that
ideas need to be tested against observable evidence
psychologist's personal values
can bias scientific observation and interpretation of data
Juwan eagerly opened an online trading account, believing that his market savvy would allow him to pick stocks that would make him a rich day trader. This belief best illustrates
. Which about ethics of experimentations with people and animals is false?
more animals used in psychological research than are killed by humane animal shelters
Which of the following best describes the hindsight bias?
b. Events seem more predictable after they have occurred.
Which of the following is true according to the text?
No psychological theory can be considered a good one until it produces testable predictions
Your best friend criticizes psychological research for being artificial and having no relevance to behavior in real life. In defense of psychology,
through use of laboratory experiments you point out that:
d. psychologists intentionally study behavior in simplified environments in order to gain greater control over variables and to test general principles that help to explain many behaviors.
The scientific attitude in psychology refers to the fact that
psychologists study thoughts and actions with an attitude of skepticism and derive their conclusions from direct observations.
A friend majoring in anthropology is critical of psychological research because it often ignores the influence of culture on thoughts and actions. You point out that ...
even when specific thoughts and actions vary across cultures, as they often do, the underlying processes are much the same.
The scientific attitude of humility is based on the idea that:
d. researchers must be prepared to reject their own ideas in the face of conflicting evidence.
The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. "I knew that."
careful reasoning that examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
After detailed study of a gunshot wound victim, a psychologist concludes that the brain region destroyed is likely to be important for memory functions. Which type of research did the psychologist use to deduce this?
In an experiment to determine the effects of exercise on motivation, exercise is the...
To determine the effects of a new drug, one group of people is given a pill that contains the drug. The second group is given a sugar pill that does not contain the drug. This second group constitutes the...
Theories are defined as...
principles that help to organize observations and predict behaviors or events.
A psychologist studies the play behavior of young children by watching groups during recess at school. Which type of research is being used?
naturalistic observation.
To ensure other researchers can repeat their work, psychologists use...
NOT basic research technique used by Psychologists
Replication Techniques are: Description, experimentation, and correlation
If shoe size and IQ are negatively correlated, what is true?
People with small feet tent to have high IQs
Which of the following research strategies would be
best for determining whether alcohol impairs memory?
Well-done surveys measure attitudes in a representative subset, or _______, of an entire group, or _______.
d. random sample; population
The number which appears most often in a set of numbers.
Generalizing from a sample to a population it is important that:
The sample is representative, it is large, and the scores have low variability.
When a difference between two groups is statistically significant, this means that
. A lopsided set of scores that includes a number of extreme or unusual values is said to be
Which of the following is the measure of central tendency that would be most affected by a few extreme scores?
Which of the following research methods does not belong with the others? case study, survey, naturalistic observation, experiment
To prevent the possibility that a placebo effect or researchers' expectations will influence a study's results, scientists employ
The double-blind procedure
In an experiment to determine the effects of attention on memory, memory is the:
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a normal curve?
about 95 percent of all scores fall within one standard deviation on either side of the mean
What is the procedure designed to ensure that the experimental and control groups do not differ in any way that might affect the experiment's result?
illusory correlation refers to
the perspective of a relationship between two variables that does not exist
Generalizing from a sample to a population it is important that:
The sample is representative, it is large, and the scores have low variability.
The strengths of the relationship between two vivid events will most likely be
which type of research would allow you to determine whether students grades accurately predict later income?
dr. ross believes that principles of natural selection help explain why infants come to fear strangers about the same time they become mobile. Dr. Ross is most likely a(n)
evolutionary psychologist
a pair of adopted children or identical twins reared in the same home are most likely to have similar...
If a fraternal twin develops schizophrenia, the likelihood of the other twin developing serious mental illness is much lower than with identical twins. this suggests that
schizophrenia is influenced by genes
Of the following, the best way to separate the effects of genes and environment in research is to study
Identical twins raised in different environments
Through natural selection, the traits that are most likely to be passed on to succeeding generations are those that contribute to
which of the following is not true regarding gender and sexuality?
gender differences in sexuality are noticeable absent among gay men and lesbian women
Evolutionary psychologists would most likely attribute gender differences in attitudes toward casual sex to the fact that men have _____ than do women
greater reproductive potential
according to evolutionary psychology, men are drawn sexually to women who seem ________-, while women are also attracted to men who seem_______.
1. youthful and fertile 2. mature and affluent
Unlike _____ twins, who develop from a single fertilized egg, _____ twins develop from separate fertilized eggs.
Temperament refers to a person's characteristic
Emotional reactivity and intensity
the ability to survive and reproduce
physiological tests reveal that anxious, inhibited infants
have high and variable heart beats
the biological and social definition of male and female
A molecular geneticist would be most interested in studying
which genes influence extraversion
research studies show that when infant rats and premature human babies are regularly touched or massaged, they
they develop faster neurology
Each cell of the human body has a total of how many chromosomes?
genes direct our physical development by synthesizing
the genome is best defined as
the complete instructions for making an organism
influenced by many genes acting together
mutations are random errors in ______ replication
casual, impulsive sex is most common among
males with traditional masculine attitudes
evolutionary explanations of gender differences in sexuality have been criticized for
being "after-the-fact" explanations, reinforcing male-female stereotypes, and underestimating cultural influences on sexuality
several studies of long separated identical twins have found that these twins...
have many similarities, in everything from medical histories to personalities
Adoption studies show that the personalities of adopted children...
bear more similarities to their biological parents than to their adoptive parents
chromosomes are composed of small segments of
When the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another (such a heredity) we say there is a(n) _____between the two factors
Women and men are most likely to be attracted to strongly gender-typical mates in cultures characterized by
an evolutionary psychologist would be most interested in studying...
why most parents are so passionately devoted to their children
if chromosomes are the "chapters" of heredity, the "words" are the
after comparing divorce rates among identical and fraternal twins, Dr. Alexander has concluded that genes do play a role. Dr. Alexander is most likely a(n)...
one of the best ways to distinguish how much genetic and environmental factors affect behavior is to compare children who have
the same genes but different environments
my sibling and I developed from a single fertilized egg. Who are we?
A psychologist working from the evolutionary perspective is likely to suggest that people are biologically predisposed to
a)protect their offspring b)like sweets c)be attracted to fertile-appearing members of the opposite sex
of the relatively few genetic differences among humans, _____ are differences among population groups
responding, to the argument that gender differences are often by-products of a culture's social and family structures, an evolutionary psychologist is most likely to point to:
our great human capacity for learning
A person whose twin has Alzheimer's disease has ___risk of sharing the disease if they are identical twins than if they are fraternal
Which of the following is an example of an interaction?
swimmers with certain personality traits swim fastest during competition while those with other personality traits swim fastest during solo time trials
the fertilized egg will develop into a boy if, at conception
the sperm contributes a Y chromosome
stimulates growth of the male sex organs
of the following, parents are most likely to influence their children's
compared with westerners, people n communal societies, such as Japan and China
have a stronger sense of family, exhibit greater shyness toward strangers, exhibit greater concern for loyalty and social harmony
the selection effect in peer influence refers to the tendency of children and youth to
seek out friends with similar interests and attitudes
Which of the following is NOT true regarding cultural diversity?
Culture does not have a strong influence on how strictly social roles are defined
Children who are raised by parents who discourage traditional gender typing
nevertheless organize themselves into "girl worlds" and "boy worlds"
providing a child with a stimulating educational environment during early childhood is likely to...
prevent neural connections from degenerating
I am a rat whose brain is lighter and thinner than my litter mates'. What happened to me?
You were raised in a deprived environment
Chad, who grew up in the United States, is more likely to encourage ____ in his future children than Asian-born Hidiyaki, who is more likely to encourage _____ in his future children
independence; emotional closeness
Dr. Joan Goodman is studying how memory changes as people get older. She is most likely a(n) __________ psychologist
Newborns vigorously root for a nipple when
A child can be born a drug addict because:
drugs used by the mother will pass into the child's bloodstream.