focusNode
Didn't know it?
click below
Knew it?
click below
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on
your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
What do advances in cognitive development, physical development, and emotional development have to do with each other? | These three areas of development overlap and interact. |
What is the term used to describe the ways in which people grow, change, and stay the same throughout their lives, from conception to death? | Lifespan human development |
What term describes the malleability or changeability of development? | Plasticity |
Li’s parents were surprised to find out that monthly measurements of height showed gradual increases, but daily measurements revealed growth spurts that sometimes lasted up to 24 hours. What does this example demonstrate about physical growth? | Physical growth is both continuous and discontinuous. |
Which of the following is an example of discontinuous change? | an adolescent experiencing puberty |
Contemporary developmental scientists agree that development: | includes both continuity and discontinuity. |
Leo is a six-year-old boy who is very polite. Ever since he was able to talk, his mother expected him to say please and thank you. When Leo would behave politely, his mother would praise him. What shaped Leo’s behavior? | operant conditioning |
What is one of the most important criticisms of Freud's theory of development? | It cannot be directly tested. |
According to Piaget, children and adults learn by interacting with their environments and organizing what they learn into which of the following? | cognitive schemas |
Vernessa is interested in adolescents who are most likely to engage in risky behaviors & plans to study teenagers across the country to identify trends in high-risk behaviors. Which method of data collection would be best for this type of study? | questionnaires |
What term do scientists use to refer to the information that they collect when they conduct research? | data |
Causal relationships between variables can only be determined through what type of research? | experimental |
What is the ethical principle that requires scientists to be accurate, honest, and truthful in their work? | integrity |
Prior to any study, Prof C's research team carefully explains the research to participants, answers questions, and helps them to determine if the study is right for them. Professor Cleutter and his team are showing respect for participants' ______. | autonomy |
Ethical codes of conduct state that researchers must obtain what type of consent from each participant, which states their informed, rational, and voluntary agreement to participate? | informed consent |
Which of the following statements about the genetic code is most true? | Every human has a slightly different genetic code. |
The human body is comprised of how many cells? | trillion |
We know that some traits are dominant, and some traits are recessive. Which of the following is a dominant trait? | dark hair |
Which of the following may result in mutated genes? | exposure to radiation |
Daria, age 28, is very short, has an abnormally small jaw, and her neck has extra folds of skin. She has never ovulated and has underdeveloped breasts. Daria suffers from ______ syndrome. | Turner |
Which of the following methods of prenatal diagnosis carries the least amount of risk to a developing fetus? | ultrasound |
Gia has brown hair, brown eyes, and dark skin. These traits are part of Gia’s ______. | phenotype |
What refers to the extent to which variation among people on a given characteristic is due to genetic differences? | heritability |
What is the tendency to actively seek out experiences and environments compatible and supportive of our genetic tendencies called? | niche-picking |
The first appearance of which feature marks the start of the fetal period? | bone |
What is a cesarean section? | a surgical procedure that removes the fetus through the abdomen |
The ______ is a fluid-filled sphere with cells forming a protective circle around an inner cluster of cells from which the ______ will develop. | blastocyst; embryo |
Which of the following contextual factors often co-occur with prenatal substance abuse? | poverty |
Illnesses with teratogenic effects, such as the Zika virus, are not well understood. Children born to women infected with the Zika virus are at great risk of ______. | microcephaly |
Denise has been using cocaine throughout her pregnancy. Which of the following is a risk for the Denise’s baby associated with Denise’s prenatal cocaine use? | microcephaly and neurobehavioral disturbances |
Which of the following statements is true regarding children with growth hormone deficiencies? | They show slowed growth but hormone supplements can stimulate growth when needed. |
Which growth pattern explains why an infant's head at birth is one-third the size of its body? | cephalocaudal |
As compared with the first 2 years of life, growth ______ during early childhood. | slows |
Jennifer is an adolescent girl who lives in Chicago, Illinois. Her parents divorced when she was very young. Jennifer lives with her mother and her mother’s boyfriend. Based on what we know about pubertal timing, when will Jennifer experience menarche? | early as compared to other girls |
What is the name of the protein found in fat that is linked to the onset of puberty? | leptin |
Which of the following is true regarding the effect of stress on pubertal timing? | Stress can trigger early menarche in girls |
Jeffrey is a toddler who lives in the US & has regular medical checkups. Anna is a toddler who lives in a non-industrialized country & doesn't get regular medical checkups. Which statement best describes the expected growth of Jeffrey and/or Anna? | Jeffrey will grow taller and faster than Anna because he lives in a country with good sanitation, nutrition, and access to medical care. |
Which term describes the pattern of gradual age-related declines in physical functioning? | senescence |
What is the most common symptom of perimenopause that women experience? | hot flashes |
Which of the following women is most susceptible to early menopause? | Jean, who smokes, doesn't have children, and lives in poverty. |
In terms of physical aging, what is the difference between adults who are considered athletes versus nonathletes? | Athletes experience more subtle and gradual declines in physical abilities from the late 30s to the 60s. |
T or F: In one study of nearly 6,000 U.S. adolescents, less than 1 percent met the U.S. recommendations for the consumption of fruits and vegetables. | True |
Which of the following would be an appropriate first solid food for a baby? | iron-fortified baby cereal mixed with breast milk |
T or F: Babies typically eat their first solid food at about 4 to 6 months old. | True |
How do health care professionals determine whether someone is in the healthy range for weight? | measuring body mass index (BMI) |
At which age does myelination proceed the most rapidly? | from birth to age 4 |
T or F: Neurogenesis, the creation of new neurons, continues throughout the lifespan. | True |
What are the nervous system's communication links called? | synapses |
When newborns swing their arms and extend them toward nearby objects this is known as ______. | prereaching |
What is the term for involuntary and innate responses to stimuli? | reflex behaviors |
Newborns tend to prefer hearing ______. | their native language |
Infants will turn their head and eyes in the general direction of a sound by what age? | 3 days |
What is the most common cause of death in children ages 5 to 19? | motor vehicle accidents |
Childhood mortality rates are highest among which age group? | infants |
What percentage of smokers had their first cigarette before the age of 18? | 90 percent |
Which of the following treatments can decrease habitual binge eating and vomiting? | individual- and family-based therapy |
What is the most common symptom of a heart attack for men? | chest pain |
Research on the prevention and treatment of illness in adults has largely ignored which populations? | women and minorities |
What effect does Alzheimers disease have on neurons in the brain? | Individuals experience impaired neurogenesis in the hippocampus, decreasing their capacity for the generation and development of new neurons |
What type of symptoms occur first in Parkinson's disease? | motor symptoms |
What is object permanence? | The understanding that objects continue to exist outside of sensory awareness |
Which sensorimotor substage is an active and purposeful trial-and-error exploration? | Tertiary circular reaction |
According to Piaget's sensorimotor substages, when did he believe that infants began to use representational thought? | Substage 6 (18-24 months of age) |
Dani woke up and had a pimple on her cheek. She pretended to be sick, so she didn’t have to go to school because she was sure everyone was going to see it and talk about her. What aspect of adolescent thinking is Dani experiencing? | the imaginary audience |
______ is the ability to simultaneously consider relations between a general category and more specific subcategories | Classification |
What is the ability to order objects in a series according to a physical dimension? | Seriation |
Maria's shown 2 identical balls of clay rolls a ball into a long hotdog shape & leaves the other in the original ball. She's asked which has more clay. She knows the 2 shapes have the same amount. What principle does she understand? | Object identity |
According to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, much of children's learning comes from what? | Collaborating with others |
What is the form of sensitive teaching in which the partner is attuned to the needs of the child and helps him or her to accomplish more than the child could do alone? | Guided participation |
Which of the following is an example of an adult providing instruction within the zone of proximal development? | A teacher talks about the pictures in a book that she is reading to her preschool class |
Effective scaffolding works within ______, the gap between the child’s competence level, what he can do alone, and what he can do with assistance. | the zone of proximal development |
Chandler's stressed about choosing someone to promote. He worries about hurting people's feelings, but wants to make the right choice. He ultimately decides because the candidate who's worked there longer, works hard, & deserves it. He's exhibiting __. | cognitive-affective complexity |
Thinking that is dependent on the situation and thinker is called ______ thinking. | relativistic |
What type of thinking does this question illustrate: “When approaching a problem, there are probably several ways to do it. What are they? Which one’s most efficient? Which one will give us the most accurate results?” | reflective judgment |
What integrates abstract reasoning with practical considerations? | Postformal reasoning |
Which part of the information processing system is an unlimited store that holds information indefinitely? | Long-term memory |
What type of memory recalls events and information acquired during those events? | Episodic memory |
T or F: Infants show more attentiveness to dynamic than static stimuli. | True |
What is the term for grouping different stimuli from a common class? | categorization |
Gina, age 10, is participating in a study in which she is asked to press a button whenever she sees a 4 or a 9 appear on a computer screen that flashes random numbers. What is this study testing? | Gina's selective attention |
Which term describes cognitive activities that make us more likely to remember? | Memory strategies |
Natalie likes to participate in class. When she was younger, she had a hard time not blurting out answers. Now she's older, she can control her behavior & only raises her hand once or twice each class. Natalie has experienced an advance in what? | response inhibition |
What are individuals engaging in when they compensate for declines in cognitive reserve or energy by narrowing their goals and selecting activities that will permit them to maximize their strengths and existing capacities? | Selective optimization with compensation |
Why do some critics feel that crystallized intelligence is not actually a form of intelligence? | Because crystallized intelligence is just an individual's accumulated knowledge and not intelligence itself |
According to the triarchic theory of intelligence, which form of intelligence involves the ability to respond to new tasks quickly and efficiently? | Creative intelligence |
When individuals are trained and practice attention and working memory skills, they can improve their performance on tasks targeting ______. | executive control processes |
The Seattle Longitudinal Study showed that ______ decreases beginning in the 20s. | fluid intelligence |
T or F: Critics of IQ believe that IQ tests are culturally biased. | True |
What is mainstreaming? | Children with special needs are educated in the general classroom with their peers for all or part of the day. |
What does the inclusion approach to special education mean? | Children with learning disabilities are taught in the regular classroom with a teacher or paraprofessional who is specially trained to meet their needs. |
T or F: Semantics is the knowledge of sounds used in a given language. | False |
What is the term for the process of quickly acquiring and retaining a word after hearing it applied a few times? | Fast mapping |
In English, we would say, “He speaks German fluently.” In German, we would say, “He speaks fluently German.” This illustrates a difference in ______ between the two languages. | syntax |
Grace drops her cup of milk on the floor and looks at her mother while saying, "MILK!" What is Grace expressing in terms of her language ability? | Grace is using a holophrase. |
Julio is an average developing 2-year-old child. How many words does Julio know? | 500 |
By the time they are 4½ months old, infants will turn their heads to hear ______. | their own names |
What do children use when learning to use a new word by applying it to other objects in the same category? | Logical extension |
______ learning produces better retention than direct instruction. | Inferential |
Ben’s mother picks him up from preschool and finds he has a bandage on his knee. When she asks what happened, he says, “I falled off the swing.” This is an example of ______. | an overregularization error |
What happens when there is damage to Broca’s area in the brain? | damage to Broca’s area inhibits the ability to speak fluently. |
Which perspective on language development accounts for children’s unique utterances and the unusual grammatical mistakes they make in speaking? | the nativist perspective |
EDIT LATER: Which perspective of language development factors in both biology and learning? | not nativist (Interactionist, Universal grammar, or Learning theory) |
Which is true of bilingual children's vocabulary and grammar development? | Their rate of growth in each language is usually slower than monolingual children's |
Beckett and Avery are both about 3 years old. Beckett has lived in persistent poverty since birth, whereas Avery’s comes from a middle-class family. Which of the following statements is true? | Beckett is likely to have about one half of the vocabulary of Avery. |
What is the term for children who are exposed to two languages from birth? | Simultaneous bilinguals |
Multidimensional development | It entails changes in many areas of development, including the physical, the cognitive, and the socioemotional |
Continuous development | The view that development consists of gradual cumulative changes in existing skills and capacities. |
Discontinuous development | The view that growth entails abrupt transformations in abilities and capacities in which new ways of interacting with the world emerge. |
Active roles | they interact with and influence the world around them, create experiences that lead to developmental change, and thereby influence how they themselves change over the lifespan |
Passive roles | they interact with and influence the world around them, create experiences that lead to developmental change, and thereby influence how they themselves change over the lifespan |
Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory | they interact with and influence the world around them, create experiences that lead to developmental change, and thereby influence how they themselves change over the lifespan |
Freud’s Psychosexual Theory | much of our behavior is driven by unconscious impulses that are outside of our awareness. |
Stages of Freud’s Psychosexual Theory | Oral: 0-18 mos; basic drives w/ mouth Anal: 18 mos-3 yrs; bladder/bowel movements Phallic: 3-6 yrs; genital focus & how parents treated Latency: 6 yrs-puberty; not development but focus on social aspects Genital: puberty&up; drive back to genitals |
evolutionary developmental theory | A perspective that applies principles of evolution and scientific knowledge about the interactive influence of genetic and environmental mechanisms to understand the adaptive value of developmental changes that are experienced with age. |
behaviorist/learning theory | A theoretical approach that studies how observable behavior is controlled by the physical and social environment through conditioning. |
cross-sectional research | A developmental research design that compares people of different ages at a single point in time to infer age differences. |
experimental research | A research design that permits inferences about cause and effect by exerting control, systematically manipulating a variable, and studying the effects on measured variables. |
self-report measures | interviews and questionnaires |
ethical principles | (1) beneficence and nonmaleficence; (2) responsibility; (3) integrity; (4) justice; and (5) respect for autonomy |
dominant traits | dark hair, curly hair, hair (not baldness), non-red hair, dimples, brown eyes, second toe longer than big toe, type A and B blood, Rh positive blood, normal color vision |
recessive traits | blond hair, straight hair, baldness, red hair, no dimples, blue or green or hazel eyes, big toe longer than second, Type O blood, Rh negative blood, color blindness |
cell | Contains 23 matching pairs of chromosomes |
chromosomes | Holds basic unit of heredity (genes) |
genes | Composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
mitosis | process by which DNA replicates itself and forms new cells with identical genetic material |
meiosis | process by which sex cells (gametes: sperm and ova) reproduce; Gametes contain 23 chromosomes. |
zygote | formed when sperm and ovum join; Contains 46 chromosomes (half from each parent); 23rd pair: sex chromosomes (X or Y) |
Dizygotic twins (DZ) | woman releases more than one ovum and each is fertilized by a different sperm |
Monozygotic twins (MZ) | one zygote splits into 2 distinct separate but identical zygotes |
incomplete dominance | Both genes influence the characteristic Example: Sickle cell trait |
polygenic inheritance | Traits formed through interaction of many genes Example: Intelligence, temperament |
genomic imprinting | Expression of gene is determined by whether it is inherited from mother or father Example: Prader–Willi syndrome or Angelman syndrome |
Dominant-Recessive Disorders | Huntington’s disease; phenylketonuria (PKU) |
X-linked Disorders | Fragile X syndrome; color blindness |
Chromosomal Abnormalities | down syndrome, turner syndrome |
mutation | sudden changes and abnormalities in the structure of genes that occur spontaneously or may be induced by exposure to environmental toxins such as radiation and agricultural chemicals in food |
Turner syndrome | short, small jaws, extra folds of skin around neck, lack prominent female secondary sex characteristics; elevated risk for thyroid disease, vision and hearing problems, heart defects, diabetes, and autoimmune disorders |
amniocentesis | a procedure used to take out a small sample of the amniotic fluid for testing |
niche-picking | tendency to actively seek out experiences and environments compatible and supportive of our genetic tendencies |
reaction range | the idea that there is a wide range of potential expressions of a genetic trait, depending on environmental opportunities and constraints |
heritability | A measure of the extent to which variation of a certain trait can be traced to genes |
Embryonic period | 3-8 wks post conception; All organs and major body systems form. Cells split into layers (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm), to form different body systems. Serious defects during this period often cause miscarriage, or spontaneous abortion (loss of fetus). |
germinal period | 2wks post conception; Zygote starts division & goes to uterus;Cell differentiation;Blastocysts;Outer layer forms placenta |
Cell differentiation | cells specialize & no longer identical |
Blastocyst | fluid-filled sphere w cells form protective circle around inner cluster of cells which embryo will develop |
fetal period | Appearance of bone, rapid growth, increasing complexity, & functionality of organs; 1st trimester: wks 1–13 (Spontaneous movement); 2nd trimester: wks 14–26 (Growth of lanugo and vernix caseosa); 3rd trimester: wks 27–40 (Increases in weight and length) |
cesarean section | surgical procedure that removes the fetus from the uterus through the abdomen |
effects of marijuana | mixed findings |
cocaine and heroin | Addiction and withdrawal; Low birth weight, shorter length, smaller head, impaired motor performance, problems in brain development; Problem teasing apart effects: Exposure to multiple teratogens, Contextual factors |
microcephaly | reduced head size; congenial zika syndrome: characterized by partial skull collapse, damage to the back of the eye, and body deformities including joints and muscles with restricted range of motion |
growth in infancy | most rapid growth of lifespan |
growth in childhood | growth slows down |
Cephalocaudal development | growth proceeds from head downward |
Proximodistal development | growth proceeds from center of body outward |
Physical changes associated with puberty | girls: breast growth, growth spurt, pubic hair, peak strength weight and height, menarche, adult stature boys: growth spurt, testes & scrotum and penis grow, pubic hair, spermarche, peak height & weight & srength, voice lowers, facial and underarm hair |
leptin's role in puberty | may stimulate the HPA axis to increase the production and secretion of hormones |
perimenopause | transition to menopause |
menopause | cessation of ovulation and menstruation |
senescence | pattern of gradual age-related declines in physical functioning |
factors in puberty timing | genetics, nutrition, social contexts, similar social contexts, SES |
factors in aging | reduction in the female hormone estrogen, exposure to the elements, lifestyle factors |
nutrition for infants | malnutrition effects growth and mental state later on |
nutrition for adolescents | diets are worse, nutritional deficiency due to poor diet |
Body Mass Index (BMI) | used to determine whether weight is in healthy range |
myelination | glial cells produce and coat axons of neurons with fatty myelin (Speeds neural transmission) |
pruning | loss of unused neural connections |
neurogenesis | formation of first neurons in prenatal development |
synapses | gaps between neurons |
brain development in infancy | time of major growth in brain, increase in number of synapses |
rooting | turning head and tongue toward stimulus when cheek is touched |
grasping | curling fingers around objects that touch the palm |
prereaching | swinging their arms and extending them toward nearby objects |
reflex behaviors | palmar grasp, rooting, sucking, moro, babinski, stepping, swimming |
reflexes | involuntary and automatic responses to stimuli |
fine motor | Ability to control small movements of the fingers such as reaching and grasping |
gross motor | Ability to control the large movements of the body (Actions that help us move around in our environment) |
cerebellum | responsible for balance, coordination, and some aspects of emotion and reasoning |
amygdala | A brain structure that is part of the limbic system and plays a role in emotion, especially fear and anger |
prefrontal cortex | responsible for judgement |
affordances | the nature, opportunities, and limits of objects |
intermodal matching | Intermodal matching of visual and auditory stimuli shows similar patterns as visual and tactile. |
vision and hearing changes in adults | Changes in eye during adult years: macular degeneration, cataracts, presbyopia Hearing: much hearing loss is preventable |
Macular degeneration | loss of cells in center area of retina (macula). causing blurring and eventual loss of central vision |
Cataracts | clouding of the lens, resulting in blurred, foggy vision |
Presbyopia | inability to focus the lens on close objects (AKA farsightedness) |
Presbycusis | age-related hearing loss |
risk factors for abuse/maltreatment | Children with special needs, those with physical & mental disabilities, preterm birth status, or serious illness, require a great deal of care that can overwhelm or frustrate caregivers, children who are temperamentally difficult, inattentive, overactive |
causes of death for children | unintentional injuries, highest among infants |
age for tobacco and alcohol use | teenage years prior to graduation |
anorexia | engage in behaviors (such as starvation or extreme exercise) to achieve thinness and maintain weight that is substantially lower than expected for height and age |
bulimia | characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating (consuming abnormally large amount of food and feel out of control) followed by purging (inappropriate behavior designed to compensate for the binge) |
heart attack | blockage of blood flow to the heart caused by a blood clot occurring within a plaque-clogged coronary artery |
alzheimer's disease | Neurodegenerative disorder that progresses from general cognitive decline to include personality and behavior changes, motor complications, severe dementia, and death |
reversible dementia | Sometimes symptoms of dementia are caused by psychological and behavioral factors that can be reversed |
parkinson's disease | occurs when neurons in part of the brain called substantia nigra die or become impaired; Neurons in this part of brain produce dopamine, enables coordinated function of body’s muscles & smooth movement (Produces motor and cognitive symptoms) |
cognitive affective complexity | Capacity to be aware of emotions, integrate positive and negative feelings about an issue, and regulate intense emotions to make logical decisions about complicated issues |
object permanence | understanding the objects continue to exist outside of sensory awareness |
object identity | understanding that certain characteristics of an object do not change despite superficial changes to the object’s appearance |
tertiary circular reaction | active, purposeful, trial-and-error exploration to search for new discoveries |
primary circular reaction | repeating actions involving body parts that produce pleasurable or interesting results |
sensorimotor substages | 1- reflexes, 2- primary circular reactions, 3- secondary circular reactions, 4- coordination of secondary circular reactions, 5- tertiary circular reactions, 6- mental representation |
the imaginary audience | Adolescents project their own preoccupation about themselves onto others and assume that they are the focus of others’ attention |
the personal fable | Adolescents’ preoccupation with themselves also leads them to believe that they are special, unique, and invulnerable |
metacognition | Knowledge of how the mind works and the ability to control the mind |
classification | Ability to understand hierarchies, to simultaneously consider relations between a general category and more specific subcategories |
seriation | ability to order objects in a series according to a physical dimension |
Vygotosky's Sociocultural Theory | we are embedded in a context that shapes how we think and who we become. Much of children’s learning comes not from working alone, but from collaborating with others |
scaffolding | assistance that permits the child to bridge the gap between his or her current competence level and the task at hand |
zone of proximal development | The gap between a child’s competence level (what he or she can do alone) and what he or she can do with assistance |
guided participation | form of sensitive teaching in which the partner is attuned to needs of the child and helps him or her accomplish more than the child could do alone |
postformal reasoning | integrates abstract reasoning with practical considerations |
dualistic thinking | polar reasoning in which knowledge and accounts of phenomena are viewed as either right or wrong with no in-between |
relativistic thinking | most knowledge is viewed as relative, dependent on the situation and thinker |
pragmatic thought | Emphasizes the use of logic to address everyday problems |
information processing system | Sensory Register, Working Memory, and Long-Term Memory |
long term memory | Unlimited store that holds information indefinitely |
working memory | Holds and processes information that is being “worked on:” manipulated, encoded, or retrieved |
episodic memory | memory for events and information acquired during those events |
recall memory | ability to generate a memory of a stimulus encountered before without seeing it again |
attention in infants | Preferential looking and habituation procedures, Gains in attention by 10 weeks and increases over time |
categorization | grouping different stimuli from a common class |
metamemory | understanding of one’s memory and ability to use strategies to enhance it |
selective attention | ability to systematically deploy one’s attention, focusing on relevant information and ignoring distractors |
executive function | cognitive activities involved in understanding information, making decisions, and solving problems |
memory strategies | cognitive activities that make us more likely to remember (Rehearsal, organization, elaboration) |
response inhibition | the ability to withhold a behavioral response inappropriate in the current context |
Changes in cognitive functioning in adulthood | more difficult to divide attention, declines in working memory, difficulty with recall and processing speed, problem solving declines |
intelligence | an individual’s ability to adapt to the world in which one lives |
crystallized intelligence | one’s knowledge base, acquired through experience, education, and living in a particular culture |
fluid intelligence | underlying capacity to make connections among ideas and draw inferences |
analytical intelligence | underlying capacity to make connections among ideas and draw inferences |
creative intelligence | taps insight and the ability to deal with novelty. People who are high in creative intelligence, respond to new tasks quickly and efficiently |
practical intelligence | influences how people deal with their surroundings: how well they evaluate their environment, selecting and modifying it and adapting it to fit their own needs and external demands |
multiple intelligence theory | Intelligence is ability to solve problems or create culturally valued products |
bayley scales of infant development III | Measures: Motor Scale, Cognitive Scale, Language Scale, Social-Emotional Scale, Adaptive Behavior Scale, Does not predict performance on intelligence tests in childhood, Primarily a screening tool |
group differences in IQ | African Americans tend to score 10–15 points below non -Hispanic White Americans on IQ tests, African American < Hispanic American < non-Hispanic White < Asian American |
inclusion | including children with learning disabilities in the regular classroom but providing them with a teacher or paraprofessional specially trained to meet their needs |
mainstreaming | whenever possible, children are educated in the general classroom with their peers for all or part of the day |
dyslexia | have difficulty reading, with reading achievement below that predicted by age or IQ |
phonology | knowledge of sounds used in a given language (Learning how to discriminate speech sounds) |
morphology | understanding the ways that sounds can be combined to form words (Infants learn that sounds can be combined in meaningful ways) |
pragmatics | understanding how to use language to communicate effectively |
semantics | meaning or content of words and sentences |
syntax | knowledge of the structure of sentences (Rules by which words are to be combined to form sentences) |
fast mapping | process of quickly acquiring and retaining a word after hearing it applied a few times |
holophrases | one-word expressions to express complete thoughts |
Infant perception of speech and speech sounds | Can perceive and discriminate sounds from all languages but their developing capacities and preferences are influenced by context; Become more attuned to sounds (and distinctions between sounds) that are meaningful in their native language |
cooing | making deliberate vowel sounds |
babbling | repeating strings of consonants and vowels |
overextension | applying a word too broadly |
underextension | applying a word more narrowly than it is usually applied so the word’s use is restricted to a single object |
mutual exclusivity assumption | assume that objects have only one label or name |
private speech | self-talk with no apparent intent to communicate with others |
logical extension | when learning a word, children extend it to other objects in same category |
broca's area | controls ability to use language for expression |
Nativist theory in language development | language use comprises behavior that is too complex to be learned so early and quickly via conditioning alone |
interactionist theory in language development | Language influenced by maturation and context |
LAD: Language Acquisition Device | innate facilitator of language that permits infants to quickly and efficiently analyze everyday speech and determine its rules |
simultaneous bilingualism | exposure to two languages from birth |
immersion | foreign-language-speaking children are placed into English-speaking classes |
Dual Language Learning (Two-Way Immersion) | English-speaking and non-English-speaking students learn together in both languages and both languages are valued equally |
advantages of bilingualism | Associated with many cognitive skills: memory, selective attention, analytical reasoning, concept formation, cognitive flexibility, executive function, More cognitively and socially flexible |
What perspective of language development factors in both biology and learning?
The interactionist approach (sociocultural theory) combines ideas from sociology and biology to explain how language is developed. According to this theory, children learn language out of a desire to communicate with the world around them. Language emerges from, and is dependent upon, social interaction.
What are the two perspectives concerning language development?
Jean Piaget's theory of language development suggests that children use both assimilation and accommodation to learn language. Assimilation is the process of changing one's environment to place information into an already-existing schema (or idea).
What are the 3 theories of language development?
Theories of language development: Nativist, learning, interactionist.
What is the nativist theory?
Nativist theorists argue that children are born with an innate ability to organize laws of language, which enables children to easily learn a native language. They believe that children have language-specific abilities that assist them as they work towards mastering a language.