The ______ perspective of language development factors in both biology and learning.

Q: What perspective of language development factors in both biology and learning?

The interactionist approach (sociocultural theory) combines ideas from sociology and biology to explain how language is developed. According to this theory, children learn language out of a desire to communicate with the world around them. Language emerges from, and is dependent upon, social interaction.

Q: What are the two perspectives concerning language development?

Jean Piagets theory of language development suggests that children use both assimilation and accommodation to learn language. Assimilation is the process of changing ones environment to place information into an already-existing schema (or idea).

Q: What are the 3 theories of language development?

Theories of language development: Nativist, learning, interactionist.

Q: What is the nativist theory?

Nativist theorists argue that children are born with an innate ability to organize laws of language, which enables children to easily learn a native language. They believe that children have language-specific abilities that assist them as they work towards mastering a language.

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Inhaltsverzeichnis Show

What perspective of language development factors in both biology and learning?
What are the two perspectives concerning language development?
What are the 3 theories of language development?
What is the nativist theory?

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Question	Answer
What do advances in cognitive development, physical development, and emotional development have to do with each other?	These three areas of development overlap and interact.
What is the term used to describe the ways in which people grow, change, and stay the same throughout their lives, from conception to death?	Lifespan human development
What term describes the malleability or changeability of development?	Plasticity
Li’s parents were surprised to find out that monthly measurements of height showed gradual increases, but daily measurements revealed growth spurts that sometimes lasted up to 24 hours. What does this example demonstrate about physical growth?	Physical growth is both continuous and discontinuous.
Which of the following is an example of discontinuous change?	an adolescent experiencing puberty
Contemporary developmental scientists agree that development:	includes both continuity and discontinuity.
Leo is a six-year-old boy who is very polite. Ever since he was able to talk, his mother expected him to say please and thank you. When Leo would behave politely, his mother would praise him. What shaped Leo’s behavior?	operant conditioning
What is one of the most important criticisms of Freud's theory of development?	It cannot be directly tested.
According to Piaget, children and adults learn by interacting with their environments and organizing what they learn into which of the following?	cognitive schemas
Vernessa is interested in adolescents who are most likely to engage in risky behaviors & plans to study teenagers across the country to identify trends in high-risk behaviors. Which method of data collection would be best for this type of study?	questionnaires
What term do scientists use to refer to the information that they collect when they conduct research?	data
Causal relationships between variables can only be determined through what type of research?	experimental
What is the ethical principle that requires scientists to be accurate, honest, and truthful in their work?	integrity
Prior to any study, Prof C's research team carefully explains the research to participants, answers questions, and helps them to determine if the study is right for them. Professor Cleutter and his team are showing respect for participants' ______.	autonomy
Ethical codes of conduct state that researchers must obtain what type of consent from each participant, which states their informed, rational, and voluntary agreement to participate?	informed consent
Which of the following statements about the genetic code is most true?	Every human has a slightly different genetic code.
The human body is comprised of how many cells?	trillion
We know that some traits are dominant, and some traits are recessive. Which of the following is a dominant trait?	dark hair
Which of the following may result in mutated genes?	exposure to radiation
Daria, age 28, is very short, has an abnormally small jaw, and her neck has extra folds of skin. She has never ovulated and has underdeveloped breasts. Daria suffers from ______ syndrome.	Turner
Which of the following methods of prenatal diagnosis carries the least amount of risk to a developing fetus?	ultrasound
Gia has brown hair, brown eyes, and dark skin. These traits are part of Gia’s ______.	phenotype
What refers to the extent to which variation among people on a given characteristic is due to genetic differences?	heritability
What is the tendency to actively seek out experiences and environments compatible and supportive of our genetic tendencies called?	niche-picking
The first appearance of which feature marks the start of the fetal period?	bone
What is a cesarean section?	a surgical procedure that removes the fetus through the abdomen
The ______ is a fluid-filled sphere with cells forming a protective circle around an inner cluster of cells from which the ______ will develop.	blastocyst; embryo
Which of the following contextual factors often co-occur with prenatal substance abuse?	poverty
Illnesses with teratogenic effects, such as the Zika virus, are not well understood. Children born to women infected with the Zika virus are at great risk of ______.	microcephaly
Denise has been using cocaine throughout her pregnancy. Which of the following is a risk for the Denise’s baby associated with Denise’s prenatal cocaine use?	microcephaly and neurobehavioral disturbances
Which of the following statements is true regarding children with growth hormone deficiencies?	They show slowed growth but hormone supplements can stimulate growth when needed.
Which growth pattern explains why an infant's head at birth is one-third the size of its body?	cephalocaudal
As compared with the first 2 years of life, growth ______ during early childhood.	slows
Jennifer is an adolescent girl who lives in Chicago, Illinois. Her parents divorced when she was very young. Jennifer lives with her mother and her mother’s boyfriend. Based on what we know about pubertal timing, when will Jennifer experience menarche?	early as compared to other girls
What is the name of the protein found in fat that is linked to the onset of puberty?	leptin
Which of the following is true regarding the effect of stress on pubertal timing?	Stress can trigger early menarche in girls
Jeffrey is a toddler who lives in the US & has regular medical checkups. Anna is a toddler who lives in a non-industrialized country & doesn't get regular medical checkups. Which statement best describes the expected growth of Jeffrey and/or Anna?	Jeffrey will grow taller and faster than Anna because he lives in a country with good sanitation, nutrition, and access to medical care.
Which term describes the pattern of gradual age-related declines in physical functioning?	senescence
What is the most common symptom of perimenopause that women experience?	hot flashes
Which of the following women is most susceptible to early menopause?	Jean, who smokes, doesn't have children, and lives in poverty.
In terms of physical aging, what is the difference between adults who are considered athletes versus nonathletes?	Athletes experience more subtle and gradual declines in physical abilities from the late 30s to the 60s.
T or F: In one study of nearly 6,000 U.S. adolescents, less than 1 percent met the U.S. recommendations for the consumption of fruits and vegetables.	True
Which of the following would be an appropriate first solid food for a baby?	iron-fortified baby cereal mixed with breast milk
T or F: Babies typically eat their first solid food at about 4 to 6 months old.	True
How do health care professionals determine whether someone is in the healthy range for weight?	measuring body mass index (BMI)
At which age does myelination proceed the most rapidly?	from birth to age 4
T or F: Neurogenesis, the creation of new neurons, continues throughout the lifespan.	True
What are the nervous system's communication links called?	synapses
When newborns swing their arms and extend them toward nearby objects this is known as ______.	prereaching
What is the term for involuntary and innate responses to stimuli?	reflex behaviors
Newborns tend to prefer hearing ______.	their native language
Infants will turn their head and eyes in the general direction of a sound by what age?	3 days
What is the most common cause of death in children ages 5 to 19?	motor vehicle accidents
Childhood mortality rates are highest among which age group?	infants
What percentage of smokers had their first cigarette before the age of 18?	90 percent
Which of the following treatments can decrease habitual binge eating and vomiting?	individual- and family-based therapy
What is the most common symptom of a heart attack for men?	chest pain
Research on the prevention and treatment of illness in adults has largely ignored which populations?	women and minorities
What effect does Alzheimers disease have on neurons in the brain?	Individuals experience impaired neurogenesis in the hippocampus, decreasing their capacity for the generation and development of new neurons
What type of symptoms occur first in Parkinson's disease?	motor symptoms
What is object permanence?	The understanding that objects continue to exist outside of sensory awareness
Which sensorimotor substage is an active and purposeful trial-and-error exploration?	Tertiary circular reaction
According to Piaget's sensorimotor substages, when did he believe that infants began to use representational thought?	Substage 6 (18-24 months of age)
Dani woke up and had a pimple on her cheek. She pretended to be sick, so she didn’t have to go to school because she was sure everyone was going to see it and talk about her. What aspect of adolescent thinking is Dani experiencing?	the imaginary audience
______ is the ability to simultaneously consider relations between a general category and more specific subcategories	Classification
What is the ability to order objects in a series according to a physical dimension?	Seriation
Maria's shown 2 identical balls of clay rolls a ball into a long hotdog shape & leaves the other in the original ball. She's asked which has more clay. She knows the 2 shapes have the same amount. What principle does she understand?	Object identity
According to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, much of children's learning comes from what?	Collaborating with others
What is the form of sensitive teaching in which the partner is attuned to the needs of the child and helps him or her to accomplish more than the child could do alone?	Guided participation
Which of the following is an example of an adult providing instruction within the zone of proximal development?	A teacher talks about the pictures in a book that she is reading to her preschool class
Effective scaffolding works within ______, the gap between the child’s competence level, what he can do alone, and what he can do with assistance.	the zone of proximal development
Chandler's stressed about choosing someone to promote. He worries about hurting people's feelings, but wants to make the right choice. He ultimately decides because the candidate who's worked there longer, works hard, & deserves it. He's exhibiting __.	cognitive-affective complexity
Thinking that is dependent on the situation and thinker is called ______ thinking.	relativistic
What type of thinking does this question illustrate: “When approaching a problem, there are probably several ways to do it. What are they? Which one’s most efficient? Which one will give us the most accurate results?”	reflective judgment
What integrates abstract reasoning with practical considerations?	Postformal reasoning
Which part of the information processing system is an unlimited store that holds information indefinitely?	Long-term memory
What type of memory recalls events and information acquired during those events?	Episodic memory
T or F: Infants show more attentiveness to dynamic than static stimuli.	True
What is the term for grouping different stimuli from a common class?	categorization
Gina, age 10, is participating in a study in which she is asked to press a button whenever she sees a 4 or a 9 appear on a computer screen that flashes random numbers. What is this study testing?	Gina's selective attention
Which term describes cognitive activities that make us more likely to remember?	Memory strategies
Natalie likes to participate in class. When she was younger, she had a hard time not blurting out answers. Now she's older, she can control her behavior & only raises her hand once or twice each class. Natalie has experienced an advance in what?	response inhibition
What are individuals engaging in when they compensate for declines in cognitive reserve or energy by narrowing their goals and selecting activities that will permit them to maximize their strengths and existing capacities?	Selective optimization with compensation
Why do some critics feel that crystallized intelligence is not actually a form of intelligence?	Because crystallized intelligence is just an individual's accumulated knowledge and not intelligence itself
According to the triarchic theory of intelligence, which form of intelligence involves the ability to respond to new tasks quickly and efficiently?	Creative intelligence
When individuals are trained and practice attention and working memory skills, they can improve their performance on tasks targeting ______.	executive control processes
The Seattle Longitudinal Study showed that ______ decreases beginning in the 20s.	fluid intelligence
T or F: Critics of IQ believe that IQ tests are culturally biased.	True
What is mainstreaming?	Children with special needs are educated in the general classroom with their peers for all or part of the day.
What does the inclusion approach to special education mean?	Children with learning disabilities are taught in the regular classroom with a teacher or paraprofessional who is specially trained to meet their needs.
T or F: Semantics is the knowledge of sounds used in a given language.	False
What is the term for the process of quickly acquiring and retaining a word after hearing it applied a few times?	Fast mapping
In English, we would say, “He speaks German fluently.” In German, we would say, “He speaks fluently German.” This illustrates a difference in ______ between the two languages.	syntax
Grace drops her cup of milk on the floor and looks at her mother while saying, "MILK!" What is Grace expressing in terms of her language ability?	Grace is using a holophrase.
Julio is an average developing 2-year-old child. How many words does Julio know?	500
By the time they are 4½ months old, infants will turn their heads to hear ______.	their own names
What do children use when learning to use a new word by applying it to other objects in the same category?	Logical extension
______ learning produces better retention than direct instruction.	Inferential
Ben’s mother picks him up from preschool and finds he has a bandage on his knee. When she asks what happened, he says, “I falled off the swing.” This is an example of ______.	an overregularization error
What happens when there is damage to Broca’s area in the brain?	damage to Broca’s area inhibits the ability to speak fluently.
Which perspective on language development accounts for children’s unique utterances and the unusual grammatical mistakes they make in speaking?	the nativist perspective
EDIT LATER: Which perspective of language development factors in both biology and learning?	not nativist (Interactionist, Universal grammar, or Learning theory)
Which is true of bilingual children's vocabulary and grammar development?	Their rate of growth in each language is usually slower than monolingual children's
Beckett and Avery are both about 3 years old. Beckett has lived in persistent poverty since birth, whereas Avery’s comes from a middle-class family. Which of the following statements is true?	Beckett is likely to have about one half of the vocabulary of Avery.
What is the term for children who are exposed to two languages from birth?	Simultaneous bilinguals
Multidimensional development	It entails changes in many areas of development, including the physical, the cognitive, and the socioemotional
Continuous development	The view that development consists of gradual cumulative changes in existing skills and capacities.
Discontinuous development	The view that growth entails abrupt transformations in abilities and capacities in which new ways of interacting with the world emerge.
Active roles	they interact with and influence the world around them, create experiences that lead to developmental change, and thereby influence how they themselves change over the lifespan
Passive roles	they interact with and influence the world around them, create experiences that lead to developmental change, and thereby influence how they themselves change over the lifespan
Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory	they interact with and influence the world around them, create experiences that lead to developmental change, and thereby influence how they themselves change over the lifespan
Freud’s Psychosexual Theory	much of our behavior is driven by unconscious impulses that are outside of our awareness.
Stages of Freud’s Psychosexual Theory	Oral: 0-18 mos; basic drives w/ mouth Anal: 18 mos-3 yrs; bladder/bowel movements Phallic: 3-6 yrs; genital focus & how parents treated Latency: 6 yrs-puberty; not development but focus on social aspects Genital: puberty&up; drive back to genitals
evolutionary developmental theory	A perspective that applies principles of evolution and scientific knowledge about the interactive influence of genetic and environmental mechanisms to understand the adaptive value of developmental changes that are experienced with age.
behaviorist/learning theory	A theoretical approach that studies how observable behavior is controlled by the physical and social environment through conditioning.
cross-sectional research	A developmental research design that compares people of different ages at a single point in time to infer age differences.
experimental research	A research design that permits inferences about cause and effect by exerting control, systematically manipulating a variable, and studying the effects on measured variables.
self-report measures	interviews and questionnaires
ethical principles	(1) beneficence and nonmaleficence; (2) responsibility; (3) integrity; (4) justice; and (5) respect for autonomy
dominant traits	dark hair, curly hair, hair (not baldness), non-red hair, dimples, brown eyes, second toe longer than big toe, type A and B blood, Rh positive blood, normal color vision
recessive traits	blond hair, straight hair, baldness, red hair, no dimples, blue or green or hazel eyes, big toe longer than second, Type O blood, Rh negative blood, color blindness
cell	Contains 23 matching pairs of chromosomes
chromosomes	Holds basic unit of heredity (genes)
genes	Composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
mitosis	process by which DNA replicates itself and forms new cells with identical genetic material
meiosis	process by which sex cells (gametes: sperm and ova) reproduce; Gametes contain 23 chromosomes.
zygote	formed when sperm and ovum join; Contains 46 chromosomes (half from each parent); 23rd pair: sex chromosomes (X or Y)
Dizygotic twins (DZ)	woman releases more than one ovum and each is fertilized by a different sperm
Monozygotic twins (MZ)	one zygote splits into 2 distinct separate but identical zygotes
incomplete dominance	Both genes influence the characteristic Example: Sickle cell trait
polygenic inheritance	Traits formed through interaction of many genes Example: Intelligence, temperament
genomic imprinting	Expression of gene is determined by whether it is inherited from mother or father Example: Prader–Willi syndrome or Angelman syndrome
Dominant-Recessive Disorders	Huntington’s disease; phenylketonuria (PKU)
X-linked Disorders	Fragile X syndrome; color blindness
Chromosomal Abnormalities	down syndrome, turner syndrome
mutation	sudden changes and abnormalities in the structure of genes that occur spontaneously or may be induced by exposure to environmental toxins such as radiation and agricultural chemicals in food
Turner syndrome	short, small jaws, extra folds of skin around neck, lack prominent female secondary sex characteristics; elevated risk for thyroid disease, vision and hearing problems, heart defects, diabetes, and autoimmune disorders
amniocentesis	a procedure used to take out a small sample of the amniotic fluid for testing
niche-picking	tendency to actively seek out experiences and environments compatible and supportive of our genetic tendencies
reaction range	the idea that there is a wide range of potential expressions of a genetic trait, depending on environmental opportunities and constraints
heritability	A measure of the extent to which variation of a certain trait can be traced to genes
Embryonic period	3-8 wks post conception; All organs and major body systems form. Cells split into layers (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm), to form different body systems. Serious defects during this period often cause miscarriage, or spontaneous abortion (loss of fetus).
germinal period	2wks post conception; Zygote starts division & goes to uterus;Cell differentiation;Blastocysts;Outer layer forms placenta
Cell differentiation	cells specialize & no longer identical
Blastocyst	fluid-filled sphere w cells form protective circle around inner cluster of cells which embryo will develop
fetal period	Appearance of bone, rapid growth, increasing complexity, & functionality of organs; 1st trimester: wks 1–13 (Spontaneous movement); 2nd trimester: wks 14–26 (Growth of lanugo and vernix caseosa); 3rd trimester: wks 27–40 (Increases in weight and length)
cesarean section	surgical procedure that removes the fetus from the uterus through the abdomen
effects of marijuana	mixed findings
cocaine and heroin	Addiction and withdrawal; Low birth weight, shorter length, smaller head, impaired motor performance, problems in brain development; Problem teasing apart effects: Exposure to multiple teratogens, Contextual factors
microcephaly	reduced head size; congenial zika syndrome: characterized by partial skull collapse, damage to the back of the eye, and body deformities including joints and muscles with restricted range of motion
growth in infancy	most rapid growth of lifespan
growth in childhood	growth slows down
Cephalocaudal development	growth proceeds from head downward
Proximodistal development	growth proceeds from center of body outward
Physical changes associated with puberty	girls: breast growth, growth spurt, pubic hair, peak strength weight and height, menarche, adult stature boys: growth spurt, testes & scrotum and penis grow, pubic hair, spermarche, peak height & weight & srength, voice lowers, facial and underarm hair
leptin's role in puberty	may stimulate the HPA axis to increase the production and secretion of hormones
perimenopause	transition to menopause
menopause	cessation of ovulation and menstruation
senescence	pattern of gradual age-related declines in physical functioning
factors in puberty timing	genetics, nutrition, social contexts, similar social contexts, SES
factors in aging	reduction in the female hormone estrogen, exposure to the elements, lifestyle factors
nutrition for infants	malnutrition effects growth and mental state later on
nutrition for adolescents	diets are worse, nutritional deficiency due to poor diet
Body Mass Index (BMI)	used to determine whether weight is in healthy range
myelination	glial cells produce and coat axons of neurons with fatty myelin (Speeds neural transmission)
pruning	loss of unused neural connections
neurogenesis	formation of first neurons in prenatal development
synapses	gaps between neurons
brain development in infancy	time of major growth in brain, increase in number of synapses
rooting	turning head and tongue toward stimulus when cheek is touched
grasping	curling fingers around objects that touch the palm
prereaching	swinging their arms and extending them toward nearby objects
reflex behaviors	palmar grasp, rooting, sucking, moro, babinski, stepping, swimming
reflexes	involuntary and automatic responses to stimuli
fine motor	Ability to control small movements of the fingers such as reaching and grasping
gross motor	Ability to control the large movements of the body (Actions that help us move around in our environment)
cerebellum	responsible for balance, coordination, and some aspects of emotion and reasoning
amygdala	A brain structure that is part of the limbic system and plays a role in emotion, especially fear and anger
prefrontal cortex	responsible for judgement
affordances	the nature, opportunities, and limits of objects
intermodal matching	Intermodal matching of visual and auditory stimuli shows similar patterns as visual and tactile.
vision and hearing changes in adults	Changes in eye during adult years: macular degeneration, cataracts, presbyopia Hearing: much hearing loss is preventable
Macular degeneration	loss of cells in center area of retina (macula). causing blurring and eventual loss of central vision
Cataracts	clouding of the lens, resulting in blurred, foggy vision
Presbyopia	inability to focus the lens on close objects (AKA farsightedness)
Presbycusis	age-related hearing loss
risk factors for abuse/maltreatment	Children with special needs, those with physical & mental disabilities, preterm birth status, or serious illness, require a great deal of care that can overwhelm or frustrate caregivers, children who are temperamentally difficult, inattentive, overactive
causes of death for children	unintentional injuries, highest among infants
age for tobacco and alcohol use	teenage years prior to graduation
anorexia	engage in behaviors (such as starvation or extreme exercise) to achieve thinness and maintain weight that is substantially lower than expected for height and age
bulimia	characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating (consuming abnormally large amount of food and feel out of control) followed by purging (inappropriate behavior designed to compensate for the binge)
heart attack	blockage of blood flow to the heart caused by a blood clot occurring within a plaque-clogged coronary artery
alzheimer's disease	Neurodegenerative disorder that progresses from general cognitive decline to include personality and behavior changes, motor complications, severe dementia, and death
reversible dementia	Sometimes symptoms of dementia are caused by psychological and behavioral factors that can be reversed
parkinson's disease	occurs when neurons in part of the brain called substantia nigra die or become impaired; Neurons in this part of brain produce dopamine, enables coordinated function of body’s muscles & smooth movement (Produces motor and cognitive symptoms)
cognitive affective complexity	Capacity to be aware of emotions, integrate positive and negative feelings about an issue, and regulate intense emotions to make logical decisions about complicated issues
object permanence	understanding the objects continue to exist outside of sensory awareness
object identity	understanding that certain characteristics of an object do not change despite superficial changes to the object’s appearance
tertiary circular reaction	active, purposeful, trial-and-error exploration to search for new discoveries
primary circular reaction	repeating actions involving body parts that produce pleasurable or interesting results
sensorimotor substages	1- reflexes, 2- primary circular reactions, 3- secondary circular reactions, 4- coordination of secondary circular reactions, 5- tertiary circular reactions, 6- mental representation
the imaginary audience	Adolescents project their own preoccupation about themselves onto others and assume that they are the focus of others’ attention
the personal fable	Adolescents’ preoccupation with themselves also leads them to believe that they are special, unique, and invulnerable
metacognition	Knowledge of how the mind works and the ability to control the mind
classification	Ability to understand hierarchies, to simultaneously consider relations between a general category and more specific subcategories
seriation	ability to order objects in a series according to a physical dimension
Vygotosky's Sociocultural Theory	we are embedded in a context that shapes how we think and who we become. Much of children’s learning comes not from working alone, but from collaborating with others
scaffolding	assistance that permits the child to bridge the gap between his or her current competence level and the task at hand
zone of proximal development	The gap between a child’s competence level (what he or she can do alone) and what he or she can do with assistance
guided participation	form of sensitive teaching in which the partner is attuned to needs of the child and helps him or her accomplish more than the child could do alone
postformal reasoning	integrates abstract reasoning with practical considerations
dualistic thinking	polar reasoning in which knowledge and accounts of phenomena are viewed as either right or wrong with no in-between
relativistic thinking	most knowledge is viewed as relative, dependent on the situation and thinker
pragmatic thought	Emphasizes the use of logic to address everyday problems
information processing system	Sensory Register, Working Memory, and Long-Term Memory
long term memory	Unlimited store that holds information indefinitely
working memory	Holds and processes information that is being “worked on:” manipulated, encoded, or retrieved
episodic memory	memory for events and information acquired during those events
recall memory	ability to generate a memory of a stimulus encountered before without seeing it again
attention in infants	Preferential looking and habituation procedures, Gains in attention by 10 weeks and increases over time
categorization	grouping different stimuli from a common class
metamemory	understanding of one’s memory and ability to use strategies to enhance it
selective attention	ability to systematically deploy one’s attention, focusing on relevant information and ignoring distractors
executive function	cognitive activities involved in understanding information, making decisions, and solving problems
memory strategies	cognitive activities that make us more likely to remember (Rehearsal, organization, elaboration)
response inhibition	the ability to withhold a behavioral response inappropriate in the current context
Changes in cognitive functioning in adulthood	more difficult to divide attention, declines in working memory, difficulty with recall and processing speed, problem solving declines
intelligence	an individual’s ability to adapt to the world in which one lives
crystallized intelligence	one’s knowledge base, acquired through experience, education, and living in a particular culture
fluid intelligence	underlying capacity to make connections among ideas and draw inferences
analytical intelligence	underlying capacity to make connections among ideas and draw inferences
creative intelligence	taps insight and the ability to deal with novelty. People who are high in creative intelligence, respond to new tasks quickly and efficiently
practical intelligence	influences how people deal with their surroundings: how well they evaluate their environment, selecting and modifying it and adapting it to fit their own needs and external demands
multiple intelligence theory	Intelligence is ability to solve problems or create culturally valued products
bayley scales of infant development III	Measures: Motor Scale, Cognitive Scale, Language Scale, Social-Emotional Scale, Adaptive Behavior Scale, Does not predict performance on intelligence tests in childhood, Primarily a screening tool
group differences in IQ	African Americans tend to score 10–15 points below non -Hispanic White Americans on IQ tests, African American < Hispanic American < non-Hispanic White < Asian American
inclusion	including children with learning disabilities in the regular classroom but providing them with a teacher or paraprofessional specially trained to meet their needs
mainstreaming	whenever possible, children are educated in the general classroom with their peers for all or part of the day
dyslexia	have difficulty reading, with reading achievement below that predicted by age or IQ
phonology	knowledge of sounds used in a given language (Learning how to discriminate speech sounds)
morphology	understanding the ways that sounds can be combined to form words (Infants learn that sounds can be combined in meaningful ways)
pragmatics	understanding how to use language to communicate effectively
semantics	meaning or content of words and sentences
syntax	knowledge of the structure of sentences (Rules by which words are to be combined to form sentences)
fast mapping	process of quickly acquiring and retaining a word after hearing it applied a few times
holophrases	one-word expressions to express complete thoughts
Infant perception of speech and speech sounds	Can perceive and discriminate sounds from all languages but their developing capacities and preferences are influenced by context; Become more attuned to sounds (and distinctions between sounds) that are meaningful in their native language
cooing	making deliberate vowel sounds
babbling	repeating strings of consonants and vowels
overextension	applying a word too broadly
underextension	applying a word more narrowly than it is usually applied so the word’s use is restricted to a single object
mutual exclusivity assumption	assume that objects have only one label or name
private speech	self-talk with no apparent intent to communicate with others
logical extension	when learning a word, children extend it to other objects in same category
broca's area	controls ability to use language for expression
Nativist theory in language development	language use comprises behavior that is too complex to be learned so early and quickly via conditioning alone
interactionist theory in language development	Language influenced by maturation and context
LAD: Language Acquisition Device	innate facilitator of language that permits infants to quickly and efficiently analyze everyday speech and determine its rules
simultaneous bilingualism	exposure to two languages from birth
immersion	foreign-language-speaking children are placed into English-speaking classes
Dual Language Learning (Two-Way Immersion)	English-speaking and non-English-speaking students learn together in both languages and both languages are valued equally
advantages of bilingualism	Associated with many cognitive skills: memory, selective attention, analytical reasoning, concept formation, cognitive flexibility, executive function, More cognitively and socially flexible

What perspective of language development factors in both biology and learning?

The interactionist approach (sociocultural theory) combines ideas from sociology and biology to explain how language is developed. According to this theory, children learn language out of a desire to communicate with the world around them. Language emerges from, and is dependent upon, social interaction.

What are the two perspectives concerning language development?

Jean Piaget's theory of language development suggests that children use both assimilation and accommodation to learn language. Assimilation is the process of changing one's environment to place information into an already-existing schema (or idea).

What are the 3 theories of language development?

Theories of language development: Nativist, learning, interactionist.

What is the nativist theory?

Nativist theorists argue that children are born with an innate ability to organize laws of language, which enables children to easily learn a native language. They believe that children have language-specific abilities that assist them as they work towards mastering a language.