The passages above can best be connected with which of the following forms of violence

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A1) The use of religion to ponder conceptions of the afterlife

This question touches on the various roles played by religion in the societies that adopt them. While religions address all the issues listed in the answers, there is no indication in either text that gender or social status is at stake, and behavior of any kind legal or otherwise, is not discussed in the first text. Although neither text says so explicitly, each discusses the fate of the soul after death.

A2) Ancient Egyptians believed that moral behavior affected one's fate after death.

While compassion and observance of rituals have been held up by many religions as proper behavior, they are not specified in the second text, making the other options week choices. the text speaks of punishment, but not legal principle of exact retribution, leaving one of the choices unlikely. What can be determined safely, is that the text means to argue that virtuous and unvirtuous conduct lead to different outcomes in the afterlife.

A3) Ancient Egyptians had a less gloomy view of the afterlife than ancient Sumerians

Neither text speaks of gender or social hierarchy, and neither defines what is morally "good", making other options poor choices. The first text implies that a gloomy afterlife awaits everyone, regardless of how they lead their lives, making it much more fatalistic than the second text, which allows for the possibility of a happier fate.

A1) Individual responsibility, not priestly authority, brings about spiritual evolution.

This text metaphorically describes an individual assuming personal control over his or her spiritual destiny. The phrase "that place from whence he is not born again" refers to liberation from the cycle of life, death, and rebirth in which Hindus and Buddhists both believe, no rejection of Buddhism is called for here, and while the text assures the reader that spiritual release can come through one's own actions, it does not promise it after only one lifetime. Although Hindu scriptures justify the caste system, that is not the subject of this text.

A2) retained the concept of karma

Neither Buddhism nor Hinduism rejected the concept of gods (although some forms of Buddhism minimize their importance), and the text clearly opposes the concept referred to in answer D. Conceptions of the afterlife varied widely among Buddhist denominations, making B doubtful. The notion of karma remained core to both faiths.

A3) The official encouragement of Buddhist edicts

This question requires an understanding of the broader context related to the stimulus material. In this case, knowing the religious trends that unfolded in India during and after the composition of the Upanishads is crucial. A and B took place long after the Mauryan period, while C never happened. Ashoka's religious tolerance and his interest in Buddhism are well-known.

Gunpowder Weaponry: Europe vs China
In Western Europe during the 1200s through the 1400s , early cannons, as heavy and as slow to fire as they were, proved useful enough in the protracted sieges that dominated warfare during this period that governments found it sufficiently worthwhile to pay for them and for the experimentation that eventually produced gunpowder weapons that were both more powerful and easier to move. By contrast, China, especially after the mid-1300s was threatened mainly by highly mobile steppe nomads, against whom early gunpowder weapons, with their unwieldiness, proved of little utility. It therefore devoted its efforts to the improvement of horse archer units who could effectively combat the country's deadliest foe.

Q1) The argument in this passage most closely relates to which of the following large-scale questions about global history?

Q2) According to this passage, why did the Chinese, despite inventing gunpowder, fail to lead in the innovation of gunpowder weaponry?

Q3) What traditional view of world history does this passage seem to challenge?

Troop strength of the army of the British East India Company 1793-1815
1793 1979 1805 1815
European troops 18,768 22,116 24,891 31,611
Native troops 69,661 91,147 167,674 195,572
Total 88,429 113,313 192,565 227,183

Q1) The information presented in the chart is best interpreted in light of which of the following contexts?

Q2) Which of the following most likely motivated the policy whose operation the above chart depicts?

Q3) The policy depicted in the chart above left British colonial authority particularly vulnerable during which of the following events?

In fact, the peculiar aggravation of the Cawnpore massacres was this, that the deed was done by a subject race - by black men who dared to shed the blood of their masters, and that of poor helpless ladies and children. Here we had not only a servile war, but we had a war of religion, a war of race, and a war of revenge, of hope, of national promptings to shake off the yoke of a stranger, and to re-establish the full power of native chiefs, and the full sway of native religions. Whatever the causes of the mutiny and the revolt, it is clear enough that one of the modes by which the leaders, as if by common instinct, determined to effect their end was, the destruction of every white man, woman or child who fell into their hands. -- British Journalist William Howard Russell, My Indian Mutlny Diary, 1860

Violence, it must be emphasized, was an essential component of the British presence in India. A dominant power is always uneasy with violence directed against it. The right to violence is, therefore, everywhere a privilege that authority enjoys and refuses to share with those under it: power always insists on violence as ints exclusive monopoly. British rule in India, as an autocracy, had meticulously constructed a monopoly of violence. The revolt of 1857 shattered that monopoly by matching an official, alien violence by an indigenous violence of the colonized. The bodies of the British had acquired certain dignities in India that were predestined by birth and by the colour of their skin. This was the condition of their domination, of their superiority: rulers and ruled were arranged hierarchically as superior and inferior races, as civilized and uncivilized. And this superiority manifested itself by denying to the Indians a "humanness"; by treating them and conceiving of them as animals. -- Rudrangshu Mukherjee, "The Kanpur [Cawnpore] Massacres in India in the Revolt of 1857", 1990

Q1) The passages above can best be connected with which of the following forms of violence?

Q2) From the perspective of the first passage, the death of British citizens at Cawnpore

Q3) According to the second passage, the Cawnpore Massacre

Q4) In the short term, the events discussed in both passages led to which of the following outcomes?

An Act to place certain restrictions on Immigration and to provide for the removal from the Commonwealth of Prohibited Immigrants.
...
3. The immigrations into the Commonwealth of the persons described in any of the following paragraphs in this section (hereinafter called "prohibited immigrants") is prohibited, namely
a) Any person who when asked to do so by an officer fails to write out a dictation and sign in the presence of the officer a passage of fifty words in length in a European language directed by the officer;
b) Any person in the opinion of the Minister or of an officer to become a charge upon the public or upon any public or charitable organisation;
...
g) Any persons under a contract or agreement to perform manual labour within the Commonwealth; Provided that this paragraph shall not apply to workmen exempted by the Minister for special skill required by Australia...

Immigration Restriction Act of 1901 (Australia)
Whereas in the opinion of the Government of the United States the coming of Chinese laborers to this country endangers the good order of certain localities within the territory thereof;
Therefore,
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That from and after the expiration of ninety days next after the passage of this act, the coming of Chinese laborers to the United States be suspended and during such suspension it shall not be lawful for any Chinese laborer to come, or having so come after the expiration of said ninety days to remain within the United States.
SEC.2., That the master of every vessel who shall knowingly bring within the United States on such vessel, and land or permit to be landed, any Chinese laborer, from any foreign port or place, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not more than five hundred dollars for each and every such Chinese laborer so brought, and may be also imprisoned for a term not exceeding one year.... --Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 (United States)

Q1) The passages are best seen as examples of which prominent social or economic trend from the 1800s?

Q2) The first passage can be regarded as the cornerstone of which of the following official initiatives?

Q3) The emphasis on language in the first passage is most safely interpreted as

Q4) Which of the following economic activities did the most to drive the rising levels of immigration that led to the enactment of the law described in the second passage?

Q5) What broad trend from the 1800s formed the background for the enactment of the laws described in both passages?

No task is more urgent than that of preserving peace. Without peace our independence means little. The rehabilitation and upbuilding of our countries will have little meaning. Our revolutions will not be allowed to run their course. What can we do? We can do much! We can inject the voice of reason into world affairs. We can mobilize all the spiritual, all the moral, all the political strength of Asia and Africa on the side of peace. Yes, we! We, the peoples of Asia and Africa, 1.4billion strong. -- Indonesian leader Sukarno, keynote address to the Bandung Conference, 1955

Q1) The passage above is most associated with which of the following developments?

Q2) The "revolutions" spoken of by Sukarno in the passage above most likely relate to which of the following causes?

Q3) Like numerous other leaders in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East, Sukarno attempted, but did not completely succeed, in maintaining a neutral stance during

Meng Yizi asked about the treatment of parents. The Master said, "Never disobey!" When Fan Chi was driving his carriage for him, [he asked], "In what sense did you mean this?" The Master said, "While they are alive, serve them according to proper ritual. When they die, bury them according to proper ritual, and sacrifice to them according to proper ritual." -- Confucius, The Analects, Book 2, Chapter 5

Q1) Which of the following ideals does the passage above exemplify?

Q2) In China and the regions it influenced, Confucian teachings like the one above were used politically for which of the following purposes?