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RESPIRATORY-CHAPTERS 27 & 29 1. What is the priority medical-surgical concept for the nurse when performing an assessment of a client’s respiratory system? a. perfusion b. gas exchange c. acid-base balance d. cellular regulation 2. When blood passes through the lungs, what happens to oxygen? a. It diffuses from the alveoli into the red blood cells. b. It diffuses from the red blood cells into the alveoli. c. It decreases concentration in the blood. d. It increases concentration in the alveoli. 3. A client reports smoking a pack of cigarettes a day for 9 years. He quit for 2 years and then smoked 2 packers per day for the last 30 years. What are the pack-years for this client? a. 39 years b. 69 years c. 19.5 years d. 41 years. 4. In which situation would the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve shift to the left (oxygen will have a higher affinity to hemoglobin)? a. decreased pH b. increased pH c. increased body temperature d. increased body carbon dioxide concentration 5. Which structure protects the client from the risk of aspiration? a. larynx b. glottis c. epiglottis d. cricoid cartilage 6. Which assessment finding reflects an immediate gas exchange and perfusion problem? a. clubbed fingers b. barrel chest c. weight loss d. cyanosis 7. A client’s pulse oximetry reading is 89%. What is the nurse’s first priority action? a. Recheck the reading with a different oximeter. b. Apply supplemental oxygen and recheck the oximeter reading in 45 minutes. Chapter 5. Oxygen Therapy Hypoxemia or hypoxia is a medical emergency and should be treated promptly. Failure to initiate oxygen therapy can result in serious harm to the patient. The essence of oxygen therapy is to provide oxygen according to target saturation rate, and to monitor the saturation rate to keep it within target range. The target range (SaO2) for a normal adult is 92 – 98%. For patients with COPD, the target SaO2 range is 88 – 92% (Alberta Health Services, 2015; Kane, et al., 2013; Perry et al., 2014). Although all medications require a prescription, oxygen therapy may be initiated without a physician’s order in emergency situations. Hypoxia is considered an emergency situation. Most hospitals have a protocol in place allowing health care providers to apply oxygen in emergency situations. The health care provider administering oxygen is responsible for monitoring the patient response and keeping the oxygen saturation levels within the target range. The most common reasons for initiating oxygen therapy include acute hypoxemia related to pneumonia, shock, asthma, heart failure, pulmonary embolus, myocardial infarction resulting in hypoxemia, post operative states, pneumonthorax, and abnormalities in the quality and quantity of hemoglobin. There are no contradictions to oxygen therapy if indications for therapy are present (Kane et al., 2013). Hypoxic patients must be assessed for the causes and underlying reasons for their hypoxia. Hypoxia must be managed not only with supplemental oxygen but in conjunction with the interventions outlined in Table 5.3. Table 5.3 Interventions to Treat and Prevent Hypoxia
Applying and Titrating Oxygen TherapyWhen providing oxygen therapy, remember the following (Kane et al., 2013):
Oxygen is available in hospitals through bulk liquid oxygen systems that dispense oxygen as a gas through outlets in rooms. It can also be provided in cylinders (large or small) for easy transport for patient use while mobile or when moving around the hospital. An oxygen flow meter regulates the flow in litres per minute. Oxygen therapy may be short- or long-term depending on the SaO2 requirements of the patients and underlying diseases processes (Perry et al., 2014). Checklist 41 reviews the steps for applying and titrating oxygen therapy (see Figure 5.2).
Special considerations:
What are the nursing considerations when using pulse oximetry on a patient?If the SpO2 level is below 94%, the nurse should assume the patient is hypoxic until proven otherwise, and therefore they may require supplemental oxygen administration. » Nurses should be aware of the factors that might affect SpO2 readings, including anaemia, peripheral vasoconstriction, dark skin tone and skin ...
Where should the nurse position the sensor of the pulse oximeter?4 Select the appropriate oximeter site (Chart 94-2 and Figures 94-1-94-3). Figure 94-1 Position the sensor on the great toe with the light source on one side and the sensor on the other, facing each other. The cable should extend toward the heel.
What assessment would the nurse make prior to using a pulse oximeter to measure oxygen saturation?The nurse should assess the pulse nearest to the monitoring site (the wrist) and capillary refill prior to using a pulse oximeter. Brisk capillary refill and a strong pulse indicate that circulation to the site is adequate. Blood pressure and respiratory rate are not monitored at this time.
How does pulse oximetry work quizlet?How does pulse oximetry work? - by applying a sensor to a pulsating arteriolar vascular-bed. -The sensor contains a dual light source and photodetector which are used to measure the amount of oxygen that is combined with hemoglobin.
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