The nurse caring for a patient with polycythemia vera would expect which assessment finding

Hemoglobin and Hematocrit is a topic covered in the Davis's Lab & Diagnostic Tests.

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What are symptoms of polycythemia vera?
What are the expected signs seen in the blood of patients with polycythemia?
Which finding about a patient with polycythemia vera is most important?
What is the priority nursing diagnosis for the client with polycythemia vera?

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Synonym/Acronym:
Hgb and Hct, H&H.

Rationale
To evaluate anemia, polycythemia, hydration status, and monitor therapy such as transfusion.

Patient Preparation
There are no food, fluid, activity, or medication restrictions unless by medical direction.

Normal Findings
Method: Spectrophotometry.

Age	Conventional Units	SI Units
	Hgb (g/dL)	Hct (%)	Hgb: SI Units g/L (Conventional Units × 10)	Hct: SI Units Volume Fraction (Conventional Units × 0.01)
Cord blood	13.5–19.5	41–59	135–195	0.41–0.59
0–1 wk	14.5–22.5	44–68	145–225	0.44–0.68
2–3 wk	13.3–20.5	40–62	133–205	0.4–0.62
1–2 mo	10.7–18	31–55	107–180	0.31–0.55
3–6 mo	9–13.5	27–41	90–135	0.27–0.41
7 mo–15 yr	10.3–13.3	31–43	103–133	0.31–0.43
16–18 yr	11–15	33–45	110–150	0.33–0.45
Adult
Male	14–17.3	42–52	140–173	0.42–0.52
Female	11.7–15.5	36–48	117–155	0.36–0.48
Pregnant female
First trimester	11.6–13.9	35–42	116–139	0.35–0.42
Second and third trimesters	9.5–11	28–33	95–110	0.28–0.33
Values are slightly lower in older adults.Reference range values may vary between laboratories.

Critical Findings and Potential Interventions

Hgb

Adults & children

Less than 6.6 g/dL (SI: Less than 66 mmol/L)
Greater than 20 g/dL (SI: Greater than 200 mmol/L)

Newborns

Less than 9.5 g/dL (SI: Less than 95 mmol/L)
Greater than 22.3 g/dL (SI: Greater than 223 mmol/L)

Hct

Adults & children

Less than 19.8% (SI: Less than 0.2 volume fraction)
Greater than 60% (SI: Greater than 0.6 volume fraction)

Newborns

Less than 28.5% (SI: Less than 0.28 volume fraction)
Greater than 66.9% (SI: Greater than 0.67 volume fraction)

Timely notification to the requesting health-care provider (HCP) of any critical findings and related symptoms is a role expectation of the professional nurse. A listing of these findings varies among facilities.

Consideration may be given to verifying the critical findings before action is taken. Policies vary among facilities and may include requesting immediate recollection and retesting by the laboratory.

Low Hgb/Hct leads to anemia.

Causes: Anemia can be caused by blood loss, decreased blood cell production, increased blood cell destruction, and hemodilution. Other causes of blood loss include menstrual excess or frequency, gastrointestinal bleeding, inflammatory bowel disease, and hematuria. Decreased blood cell production can be caused by folic acid deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, iron deficiency, and chronic disease. Increased blood cell destruction can be caused by a hemolytic reaction, chemical reaction, medication reaction, and sickle cell disease. Hemodilution can be caused by heart failure, chronic kidney disease, polydipsia, and overhydration.
Symptoms: Symptoms of anemia (due to these causes) include anxiety, dyspnea, edema, fatigue, hypertension, hypotension, hypoxia, jugular venous distention, pallor, rales, restlessness, and weakness.
Treatment: Treatment of anemia depends on the cause.

High Hgb/Hct leads to polycythemia.

Causes: Polycythemia can be caused by dehydration, decreased oxygen levels in the body, and an overproduction of red blood cells (RBCs) by the bone marrow. Dehydration from diuretic use, vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating, severe burns, or decreased fluid intake decreases the plasma component of whole blood, thereby increasing the ratio of RBCs to plasma, and leads to a higher than normal Hgb. Causes of decreased oxygen include smoking, exposure to carbon monoxide, high altitude, and chronic lung disease, which leads to a mild hemoconcentration of blood in the body to carry more oxygen to the body’s tissues. An overproduction of RBCs by the bone marrow leads to polycythemia vera, which is a rare chronic myeloproliferative disorder that results in a severe hemoconcentration of blood. Severe hemoconcentration can lead to thrombosis (spontaneous blood clotting).
Symptoms: Symptoms of hemoconcentration include decreased pulse pressure and volume, loss of skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, headaches, hepatomegaly, low central venous pressure, orthostatic hypotension, pruritus (especially after a hot bath), splenomegaly, tachycardia, thirst, tinnitus, vertigo, and weakness.
Treatment: Treatment of polycythemia depends on the cause. Possible interventions for hemoconcentration due to dehydration include IV fluids and discontinuance of diuretics if they are believed to be contributing to critically elevated Hgb. Polycythemia due to decreased oxygen states can be treated by removal of the offending substance, such as smoke or carbon monoxide. Treatment includes oxygen therapy in cases of smoke inhalation, carbon monoxide poisoning, and desaturating chronic lung disease. Symptoms of polycythemic overload crisis include signs of thrombosis, pain and redness in extremities, facial flushing, and irritability. Possible interventions for hemoconcentration due to polycythemia include therapeutic phlebotomy and IV fluids.

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Synonym/Acronym:
Hgb and Hct, H&H.

Rationale
To evaluate anemia, polycythemia, hydration status, and monitor therapy such as transfusion.

Patient Preparation
There are no food, fluid, activity, or medication restrictions unless by medical direction.

Normal Findings
Method: Spectrophotometry.

Age	Conventional Units	SI Units
	Hgb (g/dL)	Hct (%)	Hgb: SI Units g/L (Conventional Units × 10)	Hct: SI Units Volume Fraction (Conventional Units × 0.01)
Cord blood	13.5–19.5	41–59	135–195	0.41–0.59
0–1 wk	14.5–22.5	44–68	145–225	0.44–0.68
2–3 wk	13.3–20.5	40–62	133–205	0.4–0.62
1–2 mo	10.7–18	31–55	107–180	0.31–0.55
3–6 mo	9–13.5	27–41	90–135	0.27–0.41
7 mo–15 yr	10.3–13.3	31–43	103–133	0.31–0.43
16–18 yr	11–15	33–45	110–150	0.33–0.45
Adult
Male	14–17.3	42–52	140–173	0.42–0.52
Female	11.7–15.5	36–48	117–155	0.36–0.48
Pregnant female
First trimester	11.6–13.9	35–42	116–139	0.35–0.42
Second and third trimesters	9.5–11	28–33	95–110	0.28–0.33
Values are slightly lower in older adults.Reference range values may vary between laboratories.

Critical Findings and Potential Interventions

Hgb

Adults & children

Less than 6.6 g/dL (SI: Less than 66 mmol/L)
Greater than 20 g/dL (SI: Greater than 200 mmol/L)

Newborns

Less than 9.5 g/dL (SI: Less than 95 mmol/L)
Greater than 22.3 g/dL (SI: Greater than 223 mmol/L)

Hct

Adults & children

Less than 19.8% (SI: Less than 0.2 volume fraction)
Greater than 60% (SI: Greater than 0.6 volume fraction)

Newborns

Less than 28.5% (SI: Less than 0.28 volume fraction)
Greater than 66.9% (SI: Greater than 0.67 volume fraction)

Consideration may be given to verifying the critical findings before action is taken. Policies vary among facilities and may include requesting immediate recollection and retesting by the laboratory.

Low Hgb/Hct leads to anemia.

Causes: Anemia can be caused by blood loss, decreased blood cell production, increased blood cell destruction, and hemodilution. Other causes of blood loss include menstrual excess or frequency, gastrointestinal bleeding, inflammatory bowel disease, and hematuria. Decreased blood cell production can be caused by folic acid deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, iron deficiency, and chronic disease. Increased blood cell destruction can be caused by a hemolytic reaction, chemical reaction, medication reaction, and sickle cell disease. Hemodilution can be caused by heart failure, chronic kidney disease, polydipsia, and overhydration.
Symptoms: Symptoms of anemia (due to these causes) include anxiety, dyspnea, edema, fatigue, hypertension, hypotension, hypoxia, jugular venous distention, pallor, rales, restlessness, and weakness.
Treatment: Treatment of anemia depends on the cause.

High Hgb/Hct leads to polycythemia.

Causes: Polycythemia can be caused by dehydration, decreased oxygen levels in the body, and an overproduction of red blood cells (RBCs) by the bone marrow. Dehydration from diuretic use, vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating, severe burns, or decreased fluid intake decreases the plasma component of whole blood, thereby increasing the ratio of RBCs to plasma, and leads to a higher than normal Hgb. Causes of decreased oxygen include smoking, exposure to carbon monoxide, high altitude, and chronic lung disease, which leads to a mild hemoconcentration of blood in the body to carry more oxygen to the body’s tissues. An overproduction of RBCs by the bone marrow leads to polycythemia vera, which is a rare chronic myeloproliferative disorder that results in a severe hemoconcentration of blood. Severe hemoconcentration can lead to thrombosis (spontaneous blood clotting).
Symptoms: Symptoms of hemoconcentration include decreased pulse pressure and volume, loss of skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, headaches, hepatomegaly, low central venous pressure, orthostatic hypotension, pruritus (especially after a hot bath), splenomegaly, tachycardia, thirst, tinnitus, vertigo, and weakness.
Treatment: Treatment of polycythemia depends on the cause. Possible interventions for hemoconcentration due to dehydration include IV fluids and discontinuance of diuretics if they are believed to be contributing to critically elevated Hgb. Polycythemia due to decreased oxygen states can be treated by removal of the offending substance, such as smoke or carbon monoxide. Treatment includes oxygen therapy in cases of smoke inhalation, carbon monoxide poisoning, and desaturating chronic lung disease. Symptoms of polycythemic overload crisis include signs of thrombosis, pain and redness in extremities, facial flushing, and irritability. Possible interventions for hemoconcentration due to polycythemia include therapeutic phlebotomy and IV fluids.

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What are symptoms of polycythemia vera?

Numbness, tingling, burning, or weakness in your hands, feet, arms or legs. A feeling of fullness soon after eating and bloating or pain in your left upper abdomen due to an enlarged spleen. Unusual bleeding, such as a nosebleed or bleeding gums. Painful swelling of one joint, often the big toe.

What are the expected signs seen in the blood of patients with polycythemia?

If you have polycythemia vera, blood tests might reveal: More red blood cells than normal and, sometimes, an increase in platelets or white blood cells. A greater percentage of red blood cells that make up total blood volume (hematocrit measurement)

Which finding about a patient with polycythemia vera is most important?

The most urgent risk from polycythemia vera is the tendency for blood clotting. A blood clot that travels to your heart or brain can cause a heart attack or stroke. A clot that gets stuck in your lungs (pulmonary embolism) can cause pulmonary hypertension, leading to heart failure.

What is the priority nursing diagnosis for the client with polycythemia vera?

Results and conclusion: The important nursing diagnosis related with PV are altered gas exchange, altered tissue perfusion, fatigue, high risk of injury, high risk of infection, deterioration of comfort (itching), high risk of impaired skin integrity and pain.

The nurse caring for a patient with polycythemia vera would expect which assessment finding

What are symptoms of polycythemia vera?

What are the expected signs seen in the blood of patients with polycythemia?

Which finding about a patient with polycythemia vera is most important?

What is the priority nursing diagnosis for the client with polycythemia vera?

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