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Highlights• Subjective experiences are valuable for analyzing fear and fear-related memories. •Autobiographies are valuable for analyzing fear and fear-related memories. •These analyses would be valuable for longitudinal analyses in individuals. •These analyses would be valuable to measure response to behavioral and/or pharmacological interventions. •Linguistic analysis should be further developed and incorporated into standard care. AbstractFear is an emotion that serves as a driving factor in how organisms move through the world. In this review, we discuss the current understandings of the subjective experience of fear and the related biological processes involved in fear learning and memory. We first provide an overview of fear learning and memory in humans and animal models, encompassing the neurocircuitry and molecular mechanisms, the influence of genetic and environmental factors, and how fear learning paradigms have contributed to treatments for fear-related disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder. Current treatments as well as novel strategies, such as targeting the perisynaptic environment and use of virtual reality, are addressed. We review research on the subjective experience of fear and the role of autobiographical memory in fear-related disorders. We also discuss the gaps in our understanding of fear learning and memory, and the degree of consensus in the field. Lastly, the development of linguistic tools for assessments and treatment of fear learning and memory disorders is discussed. KeywordsFear Virtual reality Linguistics Autobiography Subjective fear Neuroanatomy Neuropharmacology AbbreviationsACC anterior cingulate cortex AET autobiographic episodic training AMT Autobiographical Memory Test BDNF brain-derived neurotrophic factor CAPS Clinician Administered PTSD Scale CAVE computer automatic virtual environment CB1 type 1 cannabinoid receptors CBM Cognitive Bias Modification COMET Competitive Memory Training CR conditioned fear response CRH corticotropin-releasing hormone DLPFC dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex fMRI functional magnetic resonance imaging HPA hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal LPFC lateral prefrontal cortex LTP long-term potentiation MDD major depressive disorder MEST Memory Specificity Training MPFC medial prefrontal cortex OCD obsessive compulsive disorder OFC orbital frontal cortex OGM overgeneral autobiographical memory PE Prolonged Exposure Therapy PPAR peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PTSD posttraumatic stress disorder SBSS selective brain steroidogenic stimulant SCEPT Sentence Completion for Events of the Past Test SNP single nucleotide polymorphism SSRI selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor TEMPau Test Episodique de Memoire du Passe autobiographique THC Δ9-tetrahydrocannibinol VLPFC ventral lateral prefrontal cortex VMPFC ventral medial prefrontal cortex VRET Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy Cited by (0)© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Which theory suggests that the hippocampus is active only one memories are first formed?The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is... strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.
What cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory?One process that can improve the likelihood of remembering previously learned knowledge are retrieval cues. Retrieval cues are any stimulus or words that help us remember stored memories (Goldstein, 2011).
Which of the following psychologists is most strongly associated with research on false memories?Which of the following psychologists is famous for research on false memories? Explanation: Elizabeth Loftus has had a long and distinguished career studying eyewitness memory and the creation of false memories.
Which of the following is a key factor in the memory enhancing capacity of sleep quizlet?Which of the following is a key factor in the memory-enhancing capacity of sleep? encoding specificity.
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Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that
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