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Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the

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To help you understand the focus of this course, here we explain the meaning of the term intercultural communication.

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You might have already heard of the term intercultural communication many times before. Here we would like to provide you with several commonly accepted academic definitions. Intercultural communication refers to the communication between people from two different cultures. Intercultural communication is a symbolic, interpretive, transactional, contextual process in which people from different cultures create shared meanings. Intercultural communication refers to the effects on communication behaviour when different cultures interact together, hence one way of viewing intercultural communication is as communication that unfolds in symbolic intercultural spaces. These are moments when a communication exchange has been affected by cultural differences.

You may have already heard the term “intercultural communication”. In this section, we provide several commonly accepted academic and applied definitions to clarify this concept and process.

It is helpful when scholars and practitioners clarify what they mean by certain terms. The term “intercultural communication” represents broad ideas that are difficult to express in just one way. Thus we present several working definitions as starting points for exploring this topic:

  • Intercultural communication refers to the communication between people from two different cultures. (Chen & Starosta, 1998:28)
  • Intercultural communication is a symbolic, interpretive, transactional, contextual process, in which people from different cultures create shared meanings. (Lustig & Koester, 2007:46)
  • Intercultural communication refers to the effects on communication behavior, when different cultures interact together. Hence, one way of viewing intercultural communication is as communication that unfolds in symbolic intercultural spaces. (Arasaratnam, 2013:48)

You might want to consider which of these definitions best describes this idea and process for you. Perhaps you’ve seen another definition or statement that would be helpful for us and your fellow participants to see. If so, share your thoughts or other quotes (and their author and source if possible) with us. Thanks!

References

  • Arasaratnam, L. A. (2013). Intercultural communication competence. In A. Kurylo (Ed.), Intercultural communication: Representation and construction of culture (Chap 3, pp. 47-68). Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications.
  • Chen, G. M., & Starosta, W. J. (1998). Foundations of intercultural communication: Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
  • Lustig, M. W., & Koester, J. (2007). Intercultural competence: interpersonal communication across cultures (5th ed.). Shanghai, China: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.

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Intercultural Communication: Dynamics of cultural identities in global interaction

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Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Glossary
(See related pages)
absent history   Any part of history that was not recorded or that is missing. Not everything that happened in the past is accessible to us today, because only some voices were documented and only some perspectives were recorded.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
activity dimension   In semantics, the extent of alertness, liveliness, or energy that a word evokes. (See evaluative dimension and potency dimension.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Afrocentricity   An orientation toward African or African American cultural standards, including beliefs and values, as the criteria for interpreting behaviors and attitudes.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
age identity   The identification with the cultural conventions of how we should act, look, and behave according to our age.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Anglocentrism   Using Anglo or White cultural standards as the criteria for interpretations and judgments of behaviors and attitudes.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
apartheid   A policy that segregated White and Black people in South Africa.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
ascription   The process by which others attribute identities to an individual.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
assimilation   A type of cultural adaptation in which an individual gives up his or her own cultural heritage and adopts the mainstream cultural identity. (See cultural adaptation.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
attitudes   An individual's dispositions or mental sets. As a component of intercultural communication competence, attitudes include tolerance for ambiguity, empathy, and nonjudgmentalness. (See also tolerance for ambiguity, empathy, and nonjudgmental.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
avoiding style   A conflict management strategy characterized in U.S. cultural contexts by a low concern for the self and others. In some other cultural contexts, however, this strategy may be seen as tactical in maintaining harmonious relationships.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
avowal   The process by which an individual portrays him- or herself.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
bilingual   The ability to speak two languages fluently or at least competently.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
chronemics   The concept of time and the rules that govern its use.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
class identity   A sense of belonging to a group that shares similar economic, occupational, or social status.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
co-cultural group   Nondominant cultural groups that exist in a national culture, such as African American or Chinese American.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
code switching   A technical term in communication that refers to the phenomenon of changing languages, dialects, or even accents.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
cognitive consistency   Having a logical connection between existing knowledge and a new stimulus.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
collectivistic   The tendency to focus on the goals, needs, and views of the ingroup rather than individuals' own goals, needs, and views. (Compare with individualistic.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
colonial histories   The histories that legitimate international invasions and annexations.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
colonialism   (a) The system by which groups with diverse languages, cultures, religions, and identities were united to form one state, usually by European power; (b) the system by which a country maintains power over other countries or groups of people to exploit them economically, politically, and culturally.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
communication   A symbolic process whereby reality is produced, maintained, repaired, and transformed.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
communication accommodation theory   The view that individuals adjust their verbal communication to facilitate understanding.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
communication ritual   A set form of systematic interactions that take place on a regular basis.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
communication style   The metamessage that contextualizes how listeners are expected to accept and interpret verbal messages.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
complementarity principle   A principle of relational attraction that suggests that sometimes we are attracted to people who are different from us.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
compromise style   A style of interaction for an intercultural couple in which both partners give up some part of their own cultural habits and beliefs to minimize cross-cultural differences. (Compare with consensus style, obliteration style, and submission style.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
compromising style   A conflict management strategy that involves sharing and exchanging information to the extent that both individuals give up something to find a mutually acceptable decision.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
conceptual equivalence   The similarity of linguistic terms and meanings across cultures. (See also translation equivalence.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
conflict   The interference between two or more interdependent individuals or groups of people who perceive incompatible goals, values, or expectations in attaining those ends.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
confrontation   Direct resistance, often to the dominant forces.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
conscious competence   One of four levels of intercultural communication competence, the practice of intentional, analytic thinking and learning.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
conscious incompetence   One of four levels of intercultural communication competence, the awareness that one is not having success but the inability to figure out why.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
consensus style   A style of interaction for an intercultural couple in which partners deal with cross-cultural differences by negotiating their relationship. (Compare with compromise style, obliteration style, and submission style.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
contact cultures   Cultural groups in which people tend to stand close together and touch frequently when they interact—for example, cultural groups in South America, the Middle East, and southern Europe. (See noncontact cultures.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
contact hypothesis   The notion that better communication between groups is facilitated simply by putting people together in the same place and allowing them to interact.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
core symbols   The fundamental beliefs that are shared by the members of a cultural group. Labels, a category of core symbols, are names or markers used to classify individual, social, or cultural groups.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
creole   The form of language that emerges when speakers of several languages are in long-lasting contact with each other; creole has characteristics of both languages.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
critical approach   A metatheoretical approach that includes many assumptions of the interpretive approach but that focuses more on macrocontexts, such as the political and social structures that influence communication. (Compare with interpretive approach and functionalist approach.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
cross-cultural training   Training people to become familiar with other cultural norms and to improve their interactions with people of different domestic and international cultures.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
cultural adaptation   A process by which individuals learn the rules and customs of new cultural contexts.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
cultural-group histories   The history of each cultural group within a nation that includes, for example, the history of where the group originated, why the people migrated, and how they came to develop and maintain their cultural traits.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
cultural imperialism   Domination through the spread of cultural products.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
cultural space   The particular configuration of the communication that constructs meanings of various places.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
cultural studies   Studies that focus on dynamic, everyday representations of cultural struggles. Cultural studies is multidisciplinary in nature and is committed to social change.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
cultural texts   Cultural artifacts (magazines, TV programs, movies, and so on) that convey cultural norms, values, and beliefs.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
cultural values   The worldview of a cultural group and its set of deeply held beliefs.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
culture   Learned patterns of behavior and attitudes shared by a group of people.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
culture brokers   Individuals who act as bridges between cultures, facilitating cross-cultural interaction and conflict.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
culture industries   Industries that produce and sell popular culture as commodities.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
culture shock   A relatively short-term feeling of disorientation and discomfort due to the lack of familiar cues in the environment.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
D.I.E. exercise   A device that helps us determine if we are communicating at a descriptive, interpretive, or evaluative level. Only descriptive statements are nonjudgmental.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
deception   The act of making someone believe what is not true.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
demographics   The characteristics of a population, especially as classified by age, sex, and income.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
dialectic   (a) A method of logic based on the principle that an idea generates its opposite, leading to a reconciliation of the opposites; (b) the complex and paradoxical relationship between two opposite qualities or entities, each of which may also be referred to as a dialectic.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
dialectical approach   An approach to intercultural communication that integrates three approaches—functionalist (or social science), interpretive, and critical—in understanding culture and communication. It recognizes and accepts that the three approaches are interconnected and sometimes contradictory.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
dialogue   Conversation that is "slow, careful, full of feeling, respectful and attentive" (Wilmot & Hocker, 2001, p. 257).
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
diaspora   A massive migration often caused by war, famine, or persecution that results in the dispersal of a unified group.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
diasporic histories   The histories of the ways in which international cultural groups were created through transnational migrations, slavery, religious crusades, or other historical forces.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
discourse   The ways in which language is actually used by particular communities of people, in particular contexts, for particular purposes.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
discrimination   Behaviors resulting from stereotypes or prejudice that cause some people to be denied equal participation or rights based on cultural group membership, such as race.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
distance zones   The area, defined by physical space, within which people interact, according to Edward Hall's theory of proxemics. The four distance zones for individuals are intimate, personal, social, and public. (See also proxemics.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
diversity   The quality of being different.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
diversity training   The training meant to facilitate intercultural communication among various gender, ethnic, and racial groups in the United States.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
dominating style   A conflict management strategy whereby an individual achieves his or her goal at the expense of others' needs.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
electronic colonialism   Domination or exploitation utilizing technological forms.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
emic   A term stemming from phonemic. The emic way of inquiry focuses on understanding communication patterns from inside a particular cultural community or context. (Compare with etic.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
empathy   The capacity to "walk in another person's shoes."
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
enclaves   (a) The territories that are surrounded by another country's territory; (b) cultural minority groups that live within a larger cultural group's territory.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
equivalency   An issue in translation, the condition of being equal in meaning, value, quantity, and so on.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
ethics   Principles of conduct that help govern behaviors of individuals and groups.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
ethnic histories   The histories of ethnic groups.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
ethnic identity   (a) A set of ideas about one's own ethnic group membership; (b) a sense of belonging to a particular group and knowing something about the shared experience of the group.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
ethnocentrism   (a) An orientation toward one's own ethnic group; (b) a tendency to elevate one's own culture above others.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
ethnography   A discipline that examines the patterned interactions and significant symbols of specific cultural groups to identify the cultural norms that guide their behaviors, usually based on field studies.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
ethnography of communication   A specialized area of study within communication. Taking an interpretive perspective, scholars analyze verbal and nonverbal activities that have symbolic significance for the members of cultural groups to understand the rules and patterns followed by the groups. (See interpretive approach.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
etic   A term stemming from phonetic. The etic inquiry searches for universal generalizations across cultures from a distance. (Compare with emic.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
evaluative dimension   In semantics, the value-oriented associations of a word—whether the word has a good or bad meaning for us. (See activity dimension and potency dimension.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
explanatory uncertainty   In the process of cultural adaptation, uncertainty that stems from the inability to explain why people behave as they do. (See cultural adaptation.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
exploratory phase   The second phase of relational development, in which people try to discover commonalities in the other by seeking information about them. (See also orientation phase and stability phase.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
eye contact   A nonverbal code, eye gaze, that communicates meanings about respect and status and often regulates turn-taking during interactions.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
facial expressions   Facial gestures that convey emotions and attitudes.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
family histories   The body of knowledge shared by family members and the customs, rituals, and stories passed from one generation to another within a family.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
field studies   Formal investigations conducted by researchers in the target culture. The purpose of field studies is to gain insiders' insights.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
fight approach   A trial-and-error approach to coping with a new situation. (Compare with flight approach.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
flight approach   A strategy to cope with a new situation, being hesitant or withdrawn from the new environment. (Compare with fight approach.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
folk culture   Traditional and nonmainstream cultural activities that are not financially driven.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
functional fitness   The ability to function in daily life in many different contexts.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
functionalist approach   A study of intercultural communication, also called the social science approach, based on the assumptions that (1) there is a describable, external reality, (2) human behaviors are predictable, and (3) culture is a variable that can be measured. This approach aims to identify and explain cultural variations in communication and to predict future communication. (Compare with critical approach and interpretive approach.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
gender histories   The histories of how cultural conventions of men and women are created, maintained, and/or altered.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
gender identity   The identification with the cultural notions of masculinity and femininity and what it means to be a man or a woman.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
global nomads   People who grow up in many different cultural contexts because their parents relocated.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
global village   A term coined by Marshall McLuhan in the 1960s that refers to a world in which communication technology unites people in remote parts of the world.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
grand narrative   A unified history and view of humankind.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
heterogeneity   Consisting of different or dissimilar elements.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
hidden histories   The histories that are hidden from or forgotten by the mainstream representations of past events.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
high-context communication   A style of communication in which much of the information is contained in the contexts and nonverbal cues rather than expressed explicitly in words. (Compare with low-context communication.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
high culture   The cultural activities that are considered elite, including opera, ballet, and symphony. (Compare with low culture, or popular culture.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
honorific   A term or expression that shows respect.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
hyphenated Americans   U.S. Americans who identify not only with being U.S. citizens but also as members of ethnic groups.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
identity   The concept of who we are. Characteristics of identity may be understood differently depending on the perspectives that people take—for example, social psychological, communication, or critical perspectives.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
identity management   The way individuals make sense of their multiple images concerning the sense of self in different social contexts.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
identity tourism   A concept that refers to people taking on the identities of other races, gender, classes, or sexual orientation for recreational purposes.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
immigrants   People who come to a new country, region, or environment to settle more or less permanently. (Compare with sojourners.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
incompatibility   A state of incongruity in goals, values, or expectations between two or more individuals.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
individualistic   The tendency to emphasize individual identities, beliefs, needs, goals, and views rather than those of the group. (Compare with collectivistic.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
integrating style   A conflict management strategy characterized by the open and direct exchange of information in an attempt to reach a solution acceptable to both parties.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
integration   A type of cultural adaptation in which individuals maintain both their original culture and their daily interactions with other groups. (See also cultural adaptation.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
intellectual histories   Written histories that focus on the development of ideas.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
intercultural alliances   Bonds between individuals or groups across cultures characterized by a shared recognition of power and the impact of history and by an orientation of affirmation.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
intercultural communication   The interaction between people of different cultural backgrounds.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
intercultural competence   The ability to behave effectively and appropriately in interacting across cultures.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
intercultural conflict   Conflict between two or more cultural groups.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
intercultural identity   Identity based on two or more cultural frames of reference.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
intercultural relationships   Relationships that are formed between individuals from different cultures.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
interdisciplinary   Integrating knowledge from different disciplines in conducting research and constructing theory.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
interlanguage   A kind of communication that emerges when speakers of one language are speaking in another language. The native language's semantics, syntactics, pragmatics, phonetics, and language styles often overlap and create a third way of communicating.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
intermediary   In a formal setting, a professional third party, such as a lawyer, real estate agent, or counselor, who intervenes when two parties are in conflict. Informal intermediaries may be friends or colleagues who intervene.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
international conflicts   Conflicts between two or more nations.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
International Phonetic Alphabet   An alphabet developed to help linguists transcribe the pronunciation of words in different languages.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
interpellation   The communication process by which one is pulled into the social forces that place people into a specific identity.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
interpretation   The process of verbally expressing what is said or written in another language.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
interpretive approach   An approach to intercultural communication that aims to understand and describe human behavior within specific cultural groups based on the assumptions that (1) human experience is subjective, (2) human behavior is creative rather than determined or easily predicted, and (3) culture is created and maintained through communication. (Compare with critical approach and functionalist approach.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
intimacy   The extent of emotional closeness.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
knowledge   As an individual component of intercultural communication competence, the quality of knowing about oneself (that is, one's strengths and weaknesses), others, and various aspects of communication.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
la langue   The entire system of a language. (Compare with la parole.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
language acquisition   The process of learning language.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
language policies   Laws or customs that determine which language will be spoken, when and where.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
la parole   In linguistics or semiotics, a term that means discourse or language in use. (Compare with la langue.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
lingua franca   A commonly shared language that is used as a medium of communication between people of different languages.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
linguistic knowledge   Knowledge of other languages besides one's native language or of the difficulty of learning a second or third language.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
long-term refugees   People who are forced to relocate permanently because of war, famine, and oppression.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
long-term versus short-term orientation   A cultural variability dimension that reflects a cultural-group orientation toward virtue or truth. The long-term orientation emphasizes virtue whereas the short-term orientation emphasizes truth.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
low-context communication   A style of communication in which much of the information is conveyed in words rather than in nonverbal cues and contexts. (Compare with high-context communication.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
low culture   The non-elite activities seen as the opposite of high culture—for example, movies, rock music, and talk shows. In the past, low culture was considered unworthy of serious study. With the rise of cultural studies, however, the activities that are associated with low culture have become important representations of everyday human lives. (Compare with high culture. See also popular culture.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
macrocontexts   The political, social, and historical situations, backgrounds, and environments that influence communication.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
maquiladoras   Assembly plants or factories (mainly of U.S. companies) established on the U.S.-Mexican border and using mainly Mexican labor.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
marginalization   A type of cultural adaptation in which an individual expresses little interest in maintaining cultural ties with either the dominant culture or the migrant culture. (See cultural adaptation.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
masculinity/femininity value   A cultural variability dimension that concerns the degree of being feminine—valuing fluid gender roles, quality of life, service, relationships, and interdependence—and the degree of being masculine—emphasizing distinctive gender roles, ambition, materialism, and independence.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
media imperialism   Domination or control through media.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
mediation   The act of resolving conflict by having someone intervene between two parties.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
melting pot   A metaphor that assumes that immigrants and cultural minorities will be assimilated into the U.S. majority culture, losing their original cultures.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
metamessage   The meaning of a message that tells others how they should respond to the content of our communication based on our relationship to them; also known as tonal coloring.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
metaphors   Figures of speech that contain implied comparisons, in which a word or a phrase ordinarily and primarily used for one thing is applied to another.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
migrant   An individual who leaves the primary cultural context in which he or she was raised and moves to a new cultural context for an extended time. (See also immigrant and sojourner.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
minority identity   A sense of belonging to a nondominant group.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
mobility   The state of moving from place to place.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
model minority   A positive stereotype that characterizes all Asians and Asian Americans as hardworking and serious and so a "good" minority.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
modernist identity   The identity that is grounded in the Western tradition of scientific and political beliefs and assumptions—for example, the belief in external reality, democratic representation, liberation, and independent subjects.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
motivation   As an individual component of intercultural communication competence, the desire to make a commitment in relationships, to learn about the self and others, and to remain flexible.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
multicultural identity   A sense of in-betweenness that develops as a result of frequent or multiple cultural border crossings.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
multilingual   The ability to speak more than two languages fluently or at least competently.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
multinational corporations   Companies that have operations in two or more nations.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
multiphrenia   The splitting of the individual psychologically into multiple selves.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
myths   (a) Theories or stories that are widely understood and believed; (b) in semiotics, the layers of meaning beneath a signifier. (See semiotics, signified, and signifier.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
national history   A body of knowledge based on past events that influenced a country's development.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
national identity   National citizenship.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
nativistic   Extremely patriotic to the point of being anti-immigrant.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
nominalist position   The view that perception is not shaped by the particular language one speaks. (Compare with relativist position and qualified relativist position.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
noncontact cultures   Cultural groups in which people tend to maintain more space and touch less often than people do in contact cultures. For instance, Great Britain and Japan tend to have noncontact cultures. (See contact cultures.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
nonjudgmental   Free from evaluating according to one's own cultural frame of reference.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
norms   The rules that people follow or the standards to which they adhere as members of a culture.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
obliging style   A conflict management strategy characterized by playing down differences and incompatibilities while emphasizing commonalities.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
obliteration style   A style of interaction for an intercultural couple in which both partners attempt to erase their individual cultures in dealing with cultural differences. (Compare with compromise style, consensus style, and submission style.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
orientation phase   The first phase of relational development, in which people use categorical or noninterpersonal information, including social role, age, and similarity to others. (See also exploratory phase and stability phase.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
pacifism   Opposition to the use of force under any circumstances.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
paradigm   A framework that serves as the worldview of researchers. Different paradigms assume different interpretations of reality, human behavior, culture, and communication.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
perception   The process by which individuals select, organize, and interpret external and internal stimuli to create their view of the world.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
performative   Acting or presenting oneself in a specific way so as to accomplish some goal.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
phonetics   The study of the sound system of a language.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
pidgin   A mixed language incorporating the vocabulary of one or more languages, having a very simplified form of the grammatical system of one of these, and not used as the main language of any of its speakers.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
political histories   Written histories that focus on political events.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
popular culture   A new name for low culture, referring to those systems or artifacts that most people share and that most people know about, including television, music, videos, and popular magazines.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
postcolonialism   An intellectual, political, and cultural movement that calls for the independence of colonialized states and also liberation from colonialist ways of thinking.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
postmodern cultural spaces   Places that are defined by cultural practices—languages spoken, identities enacted, rituals performed—and that often change as new people move in and out of these spaces.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
potency dimension   In semantics, the degree to which a word evokes a strong or weak reaction. (See activity dimension and evaluative dimension.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
power distance   A cultural variability dimension that concerns the extent to which people accept an unequal distribution of power.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
pragmatics   The study of how meaning is constructed in relation to receivers and how language is actually used in particular contexts in language communities.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
predictive uncertainty   A sense of uncertainty that stems from the inability to predict what someone will say or do.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
prejudice   An attitude (usually negative) toward a cultural group based on little or no evidence.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
processual   Refers to how interaction happens rather than to the outcome.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
proxemics   The study of how people use personal space.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
proximity principle   A principle of relational attraction suggesting that individuals tend to develop relationships with people with whom they are in close contact.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
psychological health   The state of being emotionally comfortable in a cultural context.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
qualified relativist position   A moderate view of the relationship between language and perception. This position sees language as a tool rather than a prison. (Compare with nominalist position and relativist position.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
qualitative methods   Research methods that attempt to capture people's own meanings for their everyday behavior in specific contexts. These methods use participant observation and field studies.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
quantitative methods   Research methods that employ numerical indicators to capture and ascertain the relationships among variables. These methods use survey and observation.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
quanxi   A Chinese term for relational network.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
racial histories   The histories of nonmainstream racial groups.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
racial identity   Identifying with a particular racial group. Although in the past racial groups were classified on the basis of biological characteristics, most scientists now recognize that race is constructed in fluid social and historical contexts.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
reader profiles   Portrayals of readership demographics prepared by magazines.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
regional identity   Identification with a specific geographic region of a nation.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
regionalism   Loyalty to a particular region that holds significant cultural meaning for that person.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
relational learning   Learning that comes from a particular relationship but generalizes to other contexts.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
relational messages   Messages (verbal and nonverbal) that communicate how we feel about others.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
relativist position   The view that the particular language individuals speak, especially the structure of the language, shapes their perception of reality and cultural patterns. (Compare with nominalist position and qualified relativist position.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
religious identity   A sense of belonging to a religious group.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
rhetorical approach   A research method, dating back to ancient Greece, in which scholars try to interpret the meanings or persuasion used in texts or oral discourses in the contexts in which they occur.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
romantic relationships   Intimate relationships that comprise love, involvement, sharing, openness, connectedness, and so on.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis   The assumption that language shapes our ideas and guides our view of social reality. This hypothesis was proposed by Edward Sapir, a linguist, and his student, Benjamin Whorf, and represents the relativist view of language and perception. (See relativist position.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
segregation   The policy or practice of compelling groups to live apart from each other.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
self-disclosure   Revealing information about oneself.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
self-knowledge   Related to intercultural communication competence, the quality of knowing how one is perceived as a communicator, as well as one's strengths and weaknesses.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
self-reflexivity   A process of learning to understand oneself and one's position in society.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
semantic differential   A way of measuring the attitude or affective meaning of a word, based on three dimensions—value, potency, and activity. (See activity dimension, evaluative dimension, and potency dimension.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
semantics   The study of words and meanings.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
semiosis   The process of producing meaning.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
semiotics   The analysis of the nature of and relationships between signs in language.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
separation   A type of cultural adaptation in which an individual retains his or her original culture while interacting minimally with other groups. Separation may be voluntary, or it may be initiated and enforced by the dominant society, in which case it becomes segregation.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
sexual orientation histories   The historical experiences of gays and lesbians.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
short-term refugees   People who were forced for a short time to move from their region or country.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
short-term versus long-term orientation   See long-term versus short-term orientation.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
signified   In semiotics, anything that is expressed in arbitrary words, or signifiers. (See semiotics and signifiers.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
signifiers   In semiotics, the culturally constructed, arbitrary words or symbols that people use to refer to something else. (See semiotics.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
signs   In semiotics, the meanings that emerge from the combination of signifiers and signifieds. (See semiotics, signified, and signifiers.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
similarity principle   A principle of relational attraction suggesting that individuals tend to be attracted to people whom they perceive to be similar to themselves.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
social conflict   Conflict that arises from unequal or unjust social relationships between groups.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
social histories   Written histories that focus on everyday life experiences of various groups in the past.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
social movements   Organized activities in which individuals work together to bring about social change.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
social positions   The places from which people speak that are socially constructed and thus embedded with assumptions about gender, race, class, age, social roles, sexuality, and so on.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
social reproduction   The process of perpetuating cultural patterns.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
social science approach   See functionalist approach.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
sojourners   People who move into new cultural contexts for a limited period of time and for a specific purpose, such as for study or business.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
source text   The original language text of a translation. (See also target text.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
stability phase   The last phase of relational development, in which interactions are more intense and active, and conversations have more depth and breadth. (See also orientation phase and exploratory phase.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
status   The relative position an individual holds in social or organizational settings.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
stereotypes   Widely held beliefs about a group of people.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
submission style   A style of interaction for an intercultural couple in which one partner yields to the other partner's cultural patterns, abandoning or denying his or her own culture. (Compare with compromise style, consensus style, and obliteration style.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
symbolic significance   The importance or meaning that most members of a cultural group attach to a communication activity.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
syntactics   The study of the structure, or grammar, of a language.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
target text   The new language text into which the original language text is translated. (See also source text.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
textual analysis   Examination of cultural texts such as media—TV, movies, journalistic essays, and so on.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
tolerance for ambiguity   The ease with which an individual copes with situations in which a great deal is unknown.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
tonal coloring   See metamessage.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
translation   The process of producing a written text that refers to something said or written in another language.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
translation equivalence   The linguistic sameness that is gained after translating and back-translating research materials several times using different translators. (See also conceptual equivalence.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
transnationalism   The activity of migrating across the borders of one or more nation-states.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
transpection   Cross-cultural empathy.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
U-curve theory   A theory of cultural adaptation positing that migrants go through fairly predictable phases—excitement/anticipation, shock/disorientation, adaptation—in adapting to a new cultural situation.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
uncertainty avoidance   A cultural variability dimension that concerns the extent to which uncertainty, ambiguity, and deviant ideas and behaviors are avoided.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
uncertainty reduction   The process of lessening uncertainty in adapting to a new culture by seeking information.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
unconscious competence   One of four levels of intercultural communication competence, the level at which an individual is attitudinally and cognitively prepared but lets go of conscious thought and relies on holistic cognitive processing.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
unconscious incompetence   One of four levels of intercultural communication competence, the "be yourself" level at which there is no consciousness of differences or need to act in any particular way.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
variable   A concept that varies by existing in different types or different amounts and that can be operationalized and measured.
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
W-curve theory   A theory of cultural adaptation that suggests that sojourners experience another U-curve upon returning home. (See U-curve theory and sojourners.)
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the
worldview   Underlying assumptions about the nature of reality and human behavior.

What is interpretative approach in intercultural communication?

The interpretive approach studies culture from the perspective of members of the cultures being studied rather than through a framework imposed by the researcher. Researchers using the interpretive approach are interested in describing culture, not in predicting behavior.

What is defined as the learned patterns and attitudes shared by a group of people?

Definitions of Culture " . . . the sum total of the knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior patterns shared and transmitted by members of a society." " . . . the learned patterns of thought and behavior characteristic of a population or society."

Which of the following approaches defines culture as a set of learned group

-view culture as a set of learned, group-related perceptions. -Geert Hofstede believed that culture is the "programming of the mind". -culture becomes a collective experience because it is shared with people who live in and experience the same social environments.

Which perspective definition of culture emphasizes that culture is heterogeneous?

The Critical perspective views culture as heterogeneous and dynamic, and as a site of contested meanings. Social Science Definition: Culture as learned, group-related perceptions. D. Interpretive Definitions: Culture as contextual symbolic patterns of meaning that may involve emotions.

interpretive scholars view culture shared learned tend focus

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