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Terms in this set (174)information processing theory analyzes how individuals encode information, manipulate it, monitor it, and creat strategies for handling it connection between cognition and the brain is like a computer physical brain is the computer's hardware cognition is the computer's software sensory and perceptual systems are a ___ channel input artificial intelligence a scientific field that focuses on creating machines capable of performing activities that require intelligence when they are done by people developmental robotics field using robots in examining various developmental topics and issues like motor and perceptual development, info processing, and language development effective information processing involves attention, memory, and thinking encoding the process by which information gets into memory changes in children's cognitive skills depend on increased skill at encoding relevant info and ignoring irrelevant info automaticity the ability to process information with little or no effort increases with practice once a task is automatic, it does not require conscious effort strategy construction creation of new procedures for processing information children's information processing is characterized by self modification children learn to apply what they have learned in previous circumstances to adapt their responses to a new situation metacognition thinking about thinking or knowing about knowing ie knowing you can remember something better if you relate it to your own life micro genetic method seeks to discover not just what children know, but the cognitive processes involved in how they acquire the knowledge limitation on processing information is the speed at which it takes place speed with which cognitive tasks are completed improves dramatically across the childhood years and continues to improve in early adolescence processing speed begins to decline in middle adulthood age related losses in processing speed were explained by a decline in neural connectivity and/or changing levels of dopamine breakdown in myelin processing speed is an important indicator of the ability of older adults to continue effectively driving a vehicle Attention the focusing of mental resources. improves cognitive processing for many tasks people can only pay attention to a limited amount of info at one time selective attention focusing on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring the others that are irrelevant divided attention involves concentrating on more than one activity at the same time sustained attention ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time sustained attention includes being on high alert for opportunity or danger executive attention involves planning actions, allocating attention to goals, detecting and compensating for errors, monitoring process on tasks, dealing with new/difficult circumstances attention in the first year of life is dominated by orienting/investigative process involves directing attention to potentially important locations and recognizing objects and their features habituation decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentation of the stimulus dishabituation recovery of responsiveness after a change in stimulation infants attention is linked to novelty and habituation familiar object = shorter attention when infants habituate to one object they will tend to look at an unfamiliar object, which shows they can tell the objects apart joint attention involves two or more individuals focusing on the same object or events what does joint attention require 1 the ability to track another's behavior joint attention skills are frequently observed toward the end of the first year joint attention considerably increases infants ability to learn from other people joint attention is linked to better sustained attention, memory, self regulation, executive function child's ability to pay attention improves significantly during preschool years kung children make advances in executive and sustained attention during which years does vigilance increase the most during preschool years older children and adolescents do show increases in vigilance tho 2 wats that the preschool child's control of attention is deficient salient vs relevant dimensions playfulness salient versus relevant dimensions preschool child is more likely to pay attention to stimuli that stand out even when those stimuli are not relevant to solving a problem ends at 6/7 - less impulsive, more reflection playfulness preschool children tend to use haphazard strategies and do not examine all the details before making a judgment while elementary aged children are more likely to systematically plan a preschool child's ability to control and sustain their attention is related to school readiness and achievement processing of irrelevant info decreases in adolescence
older children and adolescents are better than younger children at tasks that require shifting attention heavy media multitasking in adolescence is linked to poorer memory more likely to endorse intuitive but wrong answers in many contexts, older adults may not be able to focus on relevant info as effectively as younger adults older adults have more difficulty in attention that involves aspects of driving, distraction, selective attention, complex vigilance tasks as competing tasks become more difficult, older adults divide attention less effectively than younger adults do how well do older adults function on tasks that involve vigilance? as well as younger adults drops for complex vigilance tests memory the retention of information over time helps you connect what happened and what is going on basic processes required for memory encoding storage retrieval encode getting info into memory storage retaining information over time retrieval taking info out of storage schema theory people mold memories to fit info that already exist in their minds schemas mental frameworks that organize concepts and information; influence the way people encode, make inferences about, and retrieve info we _____ the past, rather than take an exact photograph of it reconstruct infants can remember perceptual motor information implicit memory memory without conscious recollection - memories of skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically explicit memory conscious recollection of facts and experiences babies do not show explicit memory until the second half of the first year improves substantially during the second year of life changes of the brain linked to infant's memory development 6-12 months maturation of hippocampus and surrounding cerebral cortex and especially the frontal lobes makes the emergence of explicit memory possible infantile amnesia when you cannot remember stuff from your first three years of life; starts around 9 years old what causes infantile amnesia? immaturity of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex
significant strides in memory as children grow older? improvements in short term and long term memory and the use of strategies long term memory relatively permanent and unlimited short term memory retaining information for up to thirty seconds without rehearsal of the information using rehearsal, individuals can keep info in short term memory longer short term memory has a very limited capacity short term memory increases in childhood why does memory span change with age? rehearsal of info is important and older children rehearse the digits more than younger children speed of processing/repetition working memory a kind of mental "workbench" where individuals manipulate and assemble info when they make decisions, solve problems, and comprehend written and spoken language more active and powerful in modifying info than short term memory interacts with longterm memory limited capacity system working memory develops slowly; linked to many aspects of children's development autobiographical memory memory of significant events and experiences in one's life when do a child's memories take on more autobiographical characteristics? preschool years volume of autobiographical memories is linked to volume of self knowledge as children go through middle and late childhood and thru adolescence, their autobiographical narratives broaden and become more elaborated culture influences children's autobiographical memories american girls give more detailed, specific, and longer narratives than children in china and korea factors that influence the accuracy of a young child's memory younger children are more susceptible to suggestion there are individual differences to susceptibility too (increased susceptibility is linked to low self concept, low support from parents, mother's insecure attachment in romantic relationships) interviewing techniques can produce substantial distortions in children's reports about highly salient events strategies the use of mental activities to improve the processing of information includes rehearsing information and organizing and repetition imagery creating a mental image to improve memory; using imagery to remember verbal info works better for older children elaboration engaging in more extensive processing of information includes thinking of examples, especially those related to yourself who is more likely to use elaboration spontaneously? adolescents fuzzy trace theory memory is best understood by considering two types of memory representations 1 verbatim memory trace (tendency of young children) fuzzy traces are more enduring and less likely to be forgotten than verbatim traces contributes to improved memory and reasoning of older children knowledge influences memory influences what you notice, how you organize, represent, and interpret knowledge two strategies adults can use to guide children's retention of memory repeat with variation on instructional info and link early and often embed memory-relevant language when instructing children working memory is an important process and resource for effective memory declines in working memory during late adulthood can be improved through training (some plasticity) but older adults showed less improvement than younger adults explanations of the decline in working memory in older adults less efficient inhibition in preventing irrelevant info from entering working memory and increased distractibility declines in processing speed and attention could play a role episodic memory part of explicit memory retention of information about the when and where of life's happenings young adults are better at this autobiographical memories are stored as episodic memories reminiscence bump when adults remember more events from the second and third decades of their lives than other decades; found more for positive than negative life events mostly occurs for personal events but can occur with high impact public events semantic memory a person's knowledge of the world; includes field of expertise, general academic knowledge, and everyday knowledge episodic memory declines ____ than semantic memory in older adults more widens in middle and late adulthood tip of the tongue phenomenon when individuals can't quite retrieve familiar information implicit memory is ___ likely than explicit memory to be adversely affected by aging less source memory the ability to remember where one learned something contexts can include physical setting, emotional context, identity of speaker failures of source memory ____ with age in the adult years increase prospective memory remembering to do something in the future declines with age - complex causes including nature of task and what is being assessed age related deficits in prospective memory occur more often in time based tasks, not event based tasks what escapes memory decline semantic and implicit thinking involves manipulating and transforming information into memory. we think in order to reason, reflect, evaluate ideas, solve problems, and make decisions concept key to infants cognitive development cognitive groupings of similar objects, events, people, or ideas allow you to make generalizations early categorizations are perceptual categorizations based on similar perceptual features like size, color, movement, parts when do infants form conceptual categories? 7-9 months of age birds as animals and airplanes as vehicles even though they're conceptually similar infants also categorize items on the basis of prototypes, which are averages, extracted from the structural regularities of items putting things into the correct categories is an important aspect of learning infants advances in processing information through attention, memory, and concept formation is much richer, more gradual, and less stage like and occurs earlier than envisioned by earlier theorists like piaget executive function umbrella-like concept that encompasses a number of higher level cognitive processes linked to the development of the brain's prefrontal cortex involves managing one's thoughts to engage in goal directed behavior and self control in early childhood, executive function especially involves developmental advances in: cognitive inhibition (inhibiting a strong tendency that is incorrect) cognitive flexibility goal setting delay of gratification learning about a topsy turvy imaginary world likely helped young children become more flexible in their thinking marshmallow experiment ring bell and get marshmallow or wait and get two from the instructor young children who waited used a number of strategies to distract themselves from the marshmallow (cool thoughts_ increased in ability to delay gratification = better academic success, cope with stress more successfully, happier, lower BMI has delayed gratification increased in the 21st century or decreased? increased higher executive function = linked with academic achievement, less ADHD, less depression who plays important role in development of executive function? parents and teachers father's autonomy support parents middle, support, and scaffold skills dimensions of executive function that are the most important for 4 to 11 year old children's cognitive development and school success self control working memory flexibility during later years of childhood and adolescence, individuals approach cognitive levels that may or not be achieved there will be considerable variation in cognitive functioning by adolescence most important cognitive change in adolescence is improvement in executive/cognitive control cool executive function psych processes involving conscious control driven by logical thinking and critical analysis hot executive function psych processes driven by emotion with emotion regulation as an especially imp process cool executive function increases with age hot executive function peaks at 14/15 then declines cognitive control exercising effective control in a number of areas including focusing attention, reducing interfering thoughts, and being cognitively flexible increases in adolescence and emerging adulthood cognitive flexibility being aware of available options and then adapting to one's situation self-efficacy having confidence in one's ability to adapt their thinking to a particular situation; important for cognitive flexibility shrinking with prefrontal cortex with aging --> decrease in working memory and other cognitive activities in older adults working memory aspects that especially decline in older adults involve 1 updating memory representations that are relevant for the task at hand 2 replacing old, no longer relevant information executive function is involved not only in cognitive performance, but also in health, emotion regulation, adaptation to life's challenges, motivation, and social functioning
critical thinking involves grasping the deeper meaning of ideas, keeping an open mind about different approaches and perspectives, and deciding for oneself what to believe or do mindfulness being alert, mentally present, and cognitively flexible while going thru life's everyday activities and tasks important aspect of thinking critically contemplative science include yoga, mindfulness, meditation, tai chi cross-disciplinary term that involves the study of how various types of mental and physical training might enhance children's development two other high level thinking processes in adolescence decision making critical thinking
intense emotional arousal is a common state for adolescents and it affects decision making what context plays a role in adolescent decision making social context fuzzy trace theory dual-process model decision making is influenced by two cognitive systems verbatim analytical gist based intuitional (very important) operate in parallel improvement in critical thinking during adolescence includes increased speed, automaticity, capacity for Info processing increased content knowledge in a variety of domains increased ability to construct new combos of knowledge greater range and more spontaneous use of strategies and procedures for obtaining and applying knowledge expertise extensive, highly organized knowledge and understanding of a particular domain takes a long time to obtain - in middle and older adults experts do what rely on accumulated experience process info automatically and analzye it more efficiently better strategies and shortcuts for problem solving more creative in solving problems what influences the cognitive functioning of older adults? education, work, health MOST IMP factors involved in understanding why cohort effects should be taken into account when studying cog functioning of older adults educational experiences are positively correlated with scores on intelligence tests and info processing tasks better cognitive functioning more complex job = higher cognitive functioning later in life some of the decline in intellectual performance found in older adults is likely due to health related factors rather than to age per se terminal decline changes in cognitive functioning may be linked more to distance from death or cognition-related pathology than to distance from birth changes in the brain with age can influence cognitive functioning, and changes in cognitive functioning can influence the brain what in the brain's prefrontal cortex declines and what is it linked to neural circuits; poorer performance by older adults on complex reasoning tasks, working memory, espisodic memory tasks functioning of the hippocampus declines more or less than functioning of the frontal lobes less patterns of neural decline with aging are more evident for retrieval than encoding older adults show greater activity in the ___ and ___ lobes of the brain on simple tasks frontal and parietal BUT as attentional demands increase, older adults display less effective functioning in frontal and parietal lobes that involve cog control cortical thickness in frontoparietal network predicts executie function in older adults scaffolding for older brain involves the use of complementary neural circuits to protect cognitive functioning in an aging brain; engagement and exercise can strengthen brain scaffolding use it or lose it participating in intellectually engaging activities buffers against cognitive decline cognitive training older adults can regain skills to some extent fish oil can help brain functioning but most dietary supplements do not facilitate major cog improvements in aging adults over a number of years cognitive and fitness training includes computer games/ simluations some improvements in cognitive vitality of older adults can be accomplished conceptualization of metacognition includes several dimensions of executive function including planning, evaluation (monitoring progress toward task completion), and self regulation metacognition helps people perform many cognitive tasks more effectively metamemory individual's knowledge about memory knowing that recognition tests are easier than recall tests that short lists are easier to remember than long ones preschool children have an ______ opinion of their memory abilities inflated theory of mind awareness of one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others from 18 months to 3 years of age, children begin to understand three mental states perceptions: by 2 children recognize that another person will see what is in front of their eyes not what's in front of the child's eyes emotions: can distinguish between positive and negative emotions desires: refer to desires earlier and more frequently than when they refer to cognitive states like thinking and knowing the realization that people can have false beliefs develops in most children by which age 5 3 - 5 year olds _____ when mental activity is likely to take place and their understanding of their own thinking is _____ underestimate linking not until middle and late childhood do children see the mind as what? an active constructor of knowledge or a processing center and move to understand that there isn't just true and false but their are multiple interpretations factors that influence theory of mind milestones increased executive function advances in prefrontal cortex functioning engagement in pretend play social interaction - parents who engage children in mental state talk children with autism show a number of behaviors different from other children their age including deficits in theory of mind, social interaction, and communication as well as repetitive behaviors or interests adolescents are more likely than children to engage in recursive thinking - thinking about what other people are thinking about helps adolescents be better at understanding and predicting other's behavior, feelings, motives theory of mind abilities decline in oler adults related to declines in other cog skills (executive function) and changes in brain's prefrontal cortex metacognition's capacity _____ in adolescence and early adulthood increases important aspect of cognitive functioning and learning is determining how much attention will be allocated to an available resource and STRATEGIES by middle age, adults have accumulated a great deal of what metacognitive knowledge which helps them combat a decline in memory skills older adults tend to over or underestimate the memory problems they experience on a daily basis overestimate important aspect of cognitive functioning and learning is determining ... Sets with similar termsLifeDev Chapter 7: Information Processing70 terms bailke01 Information Processing Chapter 780 terms koselig Developmental Psych - Chapter 747 terms Oscar_Gonzalez617 PSYCHBEH 101D Chapter 752 terms Whiteigerz1996 Other sets by this creatorSTATS final terms/equations131 terms maurakostelni GRE Vocabulary - Group 675 terms maurakostelni GRE Vocabulary - Group 547 terms maurakostelni GRE Vocabulary - Group 455 terms maurakostelni Verified questionsQUESTION Which of the following is the lowest priority motive in Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs? a. Belongingness and love needs. b. Physiological needs. c. Esteem needs. d. Self-actualization needs. e. Self-transcendence needs. Verified answer QUESTION An employee at the store next door gets paid every Friday, no matter how many pairs of shoes she sells. Her paycheck is based on which of the following schedules of reinforcement? a. Variable ratio. b. Faxed interval. c. Faxed ratio. d. Variable interval. e. Spontaneous. Verified answer QUESTION After being exposed to loud music for many years, which of the following types of deafness is more likely in a musician? a. Conduction. b. Accommodation. c. Sensorineural. d. Basilar. e. Frequency. Verified answer QUESTION Which lobe of the brain is located in the top rear of the brain? a. Occipital. b. Parietal. c. Frontal. d. Temporal. e. Corpus callosum. Verified answer Recommended textbook solutions
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Which of the following best describes the growth of the brain during early childhood quizlet?Terms in this set (37)
Which of the following best describes the pattern of brain growth in childhood? The brain grows in spurts wiht the weight of the brain increasing by 30% between the ages of 3 and 18 months.
At what age would a parent expect the rate of children's vocabulary acquisition to increase dramatically?Researchers have hypothesized that around the age of 18 months (or around a vocabulary size of 50 words) children experience a marked increase in rate of vocabulary learning (Bloom, 1973; Nelson, 1973).
Which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development is characterized by the active acquisition and use of symbols?Piaget's stage that coincides with early childhood is the Preoperational Stage. According to Piaget, this stage occurs from the age of 2 to 7 years. In the preoperational stage, children use symbols to represent words, images, and ideas, which is why children in this stage engage in pretend play.
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