Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900.

c. 1750-1900

Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900.

Manchester from Kersal Moor, by William Wyld in 1857, a view dominated by chimney stacks as a consequence of the Industrial Revolution.

Contents

​Objectives


  • ​Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900.
  • ​​Explain how different modes and locations of production have developed and changed over time.
  • ​​​Explain how technology shaped economic production over time.

  • Explain the causes and effects of economic strategies of different states and empires.
  • ​Explain the development of economic systems, ideologies, and institutions and how they contributed to change in the period from 1750 to 1900.
  • ​​​Explain the causes and effects of calls for changes in industrial societies from 1750 to 1900.
  • ​​Explain how industrialization caused change in existing social hierarchies and standards of living.

Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900.

​The Factory System

Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900.

Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900.

Essen, Germany, 1890

Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900.

Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900.

1890s loom

Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900.

child workers in a textile mill, Macon, Georgia, 1909

Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900.

Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900.

Crowded, unsanitary living conditions allowed diseases cholera and typhus to ravish urban communities.

  • ​​A variety of factors contributed to the growth of industrial production and eventually resulted in the Industrial Revolution, including:
    • Proximity to waterways; access to rivers and canals
    • Geographical distribution of coal, iron, and timber
    • Urbanization
    • Improved agricultural productivity
    • Access to foreign resources
    • Accumulation of capital
  • The development of the factory system concentrated production in a single location and led to an increasing degree of specialization of labor. ​
  • ​​The development of machines, including steam engines and the internal combustion engine, made it possible to take advantage of both existing and vast newly discovered resources of energy stored in fossil fuels, specifically coal and oil. The fossil fuels revolution greatly increased the energy available to human societies.
  • The rapid development of steam-powered industrial production in European countries and the U.S. contributed to the increase in these regions’ share of global manufacturing during the first Industrial Revolution. While Middle Eastern and Asian countries continued to produce manufactured goods, these regions’ share in global manufacturing declined.
  • The rapid urbanization that accompanied global capitalism at times led to a variety of challenges, including pollution, poverty, increased crime, public health crises, housing shortages, and insufficient infrastructure to accommodate urban growth.

audio pronunciation guide:

  • Agricultural Revolution
  • ​population revolution
  • Malthusian Catastrophe
  • proto-industrialization
  • Industrial Revolution
  • market revolution
  • entrepreneur
  • factors of production
  • factory system
  • Thomas Newcomen steam engine
  • calicoes
  • Calico Acts of 1720-1721
  • ​John Kay flying shuttle
  • James Hargreaves spinning jenny
  • Richard Arkwright water frame
  • James Watt steam engine
  • Samuel Crompton spinning mule
  • Edmund Cartwright power loom
  • ​​Eli Whitney cotton gin
  • ​John Deere steel plow
  • Cyrus McCormick mechanical reaper
  • sweatshops
  • Luddites
  • Manchester, England
  • Francis Cabot Lowell
  • German Ruhr valley
  • "workshop of the world"
  • Great Exhibition of 1851 at Crystal Palace
  • ​​urbanization
  • cholera
  • typhus
  • Chadwick Report
  • British Public Health Act of 1848
  • Five Points, New York City
  • dumbbell tenements

​The Second Industrial Revolution

The Second Industrial Revolution

Transportation, Communication, and Financial Networks

Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900.

global steamship routes, c. 1920

Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900.

Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900.

Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900.

Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900.

George Stephenson's Rocket amazed onlookers when it sped along the Liverpool and Manchester Railway at 16 miles per hour in 1829.

Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900.

Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900.

Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900.

Early airships like the German Zeppelin LZ 18 (L 2), pictured here in 1913, were filled with highly flammable hydrogen gas.

Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900.

  • Railroads, steamships, and the telegraph made exploration, development, and communication possible in interior regions globally, which led to increased trade and migration.

  • ​​​Western European countries began abandoning mercantilism and adopting free trade policies, partly in response to the growing acceptance of Adam Smith’s theories of laissez-faire capitalism and free markets.
  • The global nature of trade and production contributed to the proliferation of large-scale transnational businesses that relied on new practices in banking and finance.
  • The development of industrial capitalism led to increased standards of living for some, and to continued improvement in manufacturing methods that increased the availability, affordability, and variety of consumer goods.

audio pronunciation guide:

  • Robert Fulton
  • George Stephenson
  • Railway Mania
  • penny press
  • Louis Daguerre
  • Samuel F.B. Morse​​
  • Isambard Kingdom Brunel
  • Nikolaus Otto
  • London Underground
  • refrigerated railcars/reefer
  • ​Suez Canal
  • refrigerated ships/reefer ship
  • Transcontinental railroad
  • Alexander Graham Bell
  • Karl Benz
  • Gottlieb Daimler
  • George Eastman
  • Lumière brothers
  • Ferdinand von Zeppelin
  • Guglielmo Marconi
  • Orville and Wilbur Wright
  • HMS Dreadnought
  • ​Panama Canal
  • ​Trans-Siberian railroad
  • Adam Smith
  • free market laissez-faire classical economics
  • Iron Law of Wages
  • Zollverein
  • free trade
  • protective tariffs
  • ​Friedrich List
  • central banking
  • world trade
  • British gold standard
  • foreign investment
  • corporate capitalism
  • limited liability corporation
  • trust
  • cartels
  • IG Farben
  • Gilded Age
  • robber barons
  • ​Andrew Carnegie
  • vertical integration
  • John D. Rockefeller
  • horizontal integration
  • La Belle Epoque
  • ​zaibatsu
  • scientific management (Taylorism)
  • interchangeable parts
  • assembly line production

France during La Belle Epoque at the turn of the 20th century 

Transportation, Communication, and Financial Networks

Social Class and Labor Movements

Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900.

Blackpool was a Victorian-era beach side resort which offered the middle and working classes all the entertaining marvels of the Modern Age.

Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900.

Socialists despised capitalism as unjust suppression of the working class masses.

Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900.

Critics of the People’s Budget of 1911 claimed its social benefits would ruin the British economy.

  • New social classes, including the middle class and the industrial working class, developed.

  • In industrialized states, many workers organized themselves, often in labor unions, to improve working conditions, limit hours, and gain higher wages. Workers’ movements and political parties emerged in different areas, promoting alternative visions of society.
  • Discontent with established power structures encouraged the development of various ideologies, including those espoused by Karl Marx, and the ideas of socialism and communism.
  • ​​​In response to the social and economic changes brought about by industrial capitalism, some governments, organizations, and individuals promoted various types of political, social, educational, and urban reforms.

audio pronunciation guide:

  • aristocracy
  • peerage
  • landed gentry
  • captains of industry
  • bourgeoisie
  • white-collar professionals
  • Victorian middle class values
  • conspicuous consumption
  • mass leisure culture
  • proletariat
  • Utilitarianism
  • suffrage
  • British Reform Act of 1832
  • Chartist Movement
  • mass politics
  • Australian secret ballot
  • compulsory elementary education
  • Jules Ferry Laws
  • British New Poor Law
  • workhouses
  • William and Catherine Booth - Salvation Army
  • ​​social question
  • child labor
  • Factory Act of 1833
  • Communist Manifesto
  • trade unions
  • strike
  • general strike
  • American Federation of Labor
  • Great Railroad Strike of 1877
  • Eugene V. Debs
  • Homestead Strike
  • Pinkertons
  • ​revisionism
  • socialist parties
  • Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD)
  • German social legislation
  • Russian Social Democratic Party 
  • Vladimir Lenin - What Is to Be Done?
  • British Labour Party

Social Class and Social Reform

How did environmental factors contribute to the development of a global economy from 1750 to 1900?

The need for raw materials for factories and increased food supplies for the growing population in urban centers led to the growth of export economies around the world that specialized in commercial extraction of natural resources and the production of food and industrial crops.

What environmental factors contributed to the Industrial Revolution?

Apart from water frames, energy obtained by burning fossil fuel like coal and oil was essential to drive steam engines. Britain, Germany, and France, Western powers who took the lead in Industrial Revolution, with no exception are all located in areas with abundant coal and oil resources.

How did the environmental impact of the Industrial Revolution change by the 1900s?

The Industrial Revolution impacted the environment. The world saw a major increase in population, which, along with an increase in living standards, led to the depletion of natural resources. The use of chemicals and fuel in factories resulted in increased air and water pollution and an increased use of fossil fuels.

What contributed to the industrialization in the period 1750 to 1900?

The fossil fuels revolution greatly increased the energy available to human societies. The development of the factory system concentrated production in a single location and led to an increasing degree of specialization of labor.