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Recommended textbook solutions HDEV56th EditionSpencer A. Rathus 380 solutions Human Sexuality Today9th EditionBruce M. King, Pamela Regan 1,085 solutions Introductory Business Statistics1st EditionAlexander Holmes, Barbara Illowsky, Susan Dean 2,174 solutions Human Geography13th EditionArthur Getis, Daniel Montello, Mark Bjelland 107 solutions Origins in latter part of 19th century the science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics. Developed largely by Francis Galton as a method of improving the human race, it fell into disfavor only after the perversion of its doctrines by the Nazis. Francis Galton, 1870s & 1880 - introduced core ideas which would become the eugenics movement Positive eugenics: Encouraging breeding of the worthy Ideas spread in the 20th century and they
become popular ideas - spreads beyond europe IQ: Goddard & Yerkes Race: Davenport & Goddard believed eugenics should also involve race -> ethnic groups as racial subtypes with typical physical traits, moral and social traits, and different inherent worth Outside Germany, movements began to weaken in 30s. Canada
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Terms in this set (175)Legitimacy to rule may be reinforced in which of the following ways? All the above In the United States, the fact that most divorced parents share time and financial responsibilities somewhat equally for their children reflects the practice of? Bilateral Descent Each of the four types of Socio-cultural integration can be identified as? Egalitarian, ranked, or stratified negative reinforcements include Fines Some cultures recognize descent in a family lineage only on the father's side (or in the paternal line). This form of descent is referred to as Patrilineal The term anthropologists use for a marriage between one man and multiple wives is Polygyny In traditional Chinese society, which kinds of terms did siblings use to refer to one another? The terms identified siblings by gender and whether they were older or younger Matrilineal descent refers to the recognition of descent through The mothers line only The four levels of socio-cultural integration characterized by Elman Service are Band, tribe, Cheifdom, and state The ability to induce or cause the behavior of others to change due to a social or political position is called Authority The family in which a person is raised is their family of __________, while the family they may create by marrying and raising children is their family of _________ Orientation, procreation What is the role of the peasant in the formation of state societies? Peasant farmers were circumscribed geographically (unable to move elsewhere) when an elite minority arose to control their labor and means of subsistence The ability to induce behavior of others in specified ways by means of coercion or use or threat of physical force is called Power A gift given by a bride's family to either the bride or to the groom's family at the time of the marriage is referred to as (a) Dowry ISIS has a characteristics of a Constitutive State Informal disputes in band societies may involve Ridicule and meditation In Slavonia, where the chapter author (Gilliland) conducted research, agricultural households were very large, up to 100 members who had specializations such as sewing or caring for horses All of the following describe the Big Man of New Guinea, EXCEPT He has the power to coerce others Adoption in some Pacific Island societies is a way to honor relatives and create two nurturing sets of parents All of the following are true about matrilineages, EXCEPT they are also matriarchal, that is, women have more power than men Short-term uses of physical force that are organized to achieve a limited objective such as the acquisition of cattle, wealth, or abduction of women are called Raids Chapter author McDowell argues that ISIS already demonstrates all of the following aspects, EXCEPT A secular government In Taiwan in the 1950s, anthropologist Margery Wolf described an unusual form of adoption, in which mothers gave up their daughters as infants, only to take in an adopted daughter from someone else in order to cultivate them as daughters-in-law for their sons After marriage in Dobu, Papua New Guinea, couples would practice bilocal residence, meaning they would alternate years living in the husband's village and in the wife's village Which type of property exchange demonstrates a higher value placed on women and their ability to work and produce children? Bridewealth What does the chapter author, García, say sparked his interest in cultural anthropology? A lifetime of other people's questions and assumptions about his racial and ethnic background The anthropological term for a trait that is inherited independently, and not bundled together with other traits, is Non concordant The process by which an inaccurate concept or idea is so heavily promoted and circulated by people that it becomes an unquestioned "truth" is called Reification The greatest genetic diversity is between "blacks" and other "blacks" on the same continent The institution of slavery in the U.S. helped define race through a rule which stated that any trace of known non-European ("non-white") ancestry was used to automatically exclude a person from being classified as "white" (and therefore be born into slave status). This rule was called the one-drop rule All of the following are examples of symbolic ethnicity EXCEPT weekly visits to a Buddhist temple Scholars who create localized, regional racial classification schemes which attempt to be more "precise" are known as splitters A socially constructed racial classification system in which a person of mixed racial heritage is automatically categorized as a member of the less (or least) privileged group is called hypodescent One of the differences between the U.S. and Brazilian systems of "racial" classification is that in Brazil, an increase or decrease in social status may change people's perception of an individual's "type" (tipo), while in the U.S. a change in social status does not influence the perception of race Policies that forbid inter-racial or inter-ethnic marriage are essentially trying to prevent the natural hybridization of peoples. This hybridization is called amalgamation Which early natural scientist divided the human species into four "races": Americanus, Europaeus, Asiaticus, and Africanus? Carolus Linnaeus Which vitamin, important for healthy bone growth, does sunlight help produce? Vitamin D What was the major criticism of the early 20th century "three-race" theory that divided the world's peoples into the categories of Caucasoid, Mongoloid, and Negroid? Many peoples of the world were omitted from the racial groups with no clear way of including them in one group or another It has been argued that "black" athletes are naturally gifted runners and jumpers due to benefits passed down from their enslaved ancestors. What does the evidence say about this claim? If we look at other sports, such as the high jump, one can see that "white" athletes from U.S. and Western Europe dominate; it is clearly cultural and social supports that create excellence in groups of people, not genetics. The reason that the human species exhibits a very low level of genetic variation is due to the fact that Homo sapiens is a relatively recent species The process by which social, economic, and political forces determine the content and importance of racial categories is referred to as racial formation Skin color in humans is represented in geography by a cline, or clinal pattern. The skin color cline means that a certain skin color may be more common in one region than another, but the variation is gradual and continuous Among people who self-identify as "white," one aspect of their lives tends to influence their experience of society and the advantages conferred, more than other aspects. This important feature is socio-economic status (social class) What are the harmful effects of exposure to high levels of ultraviolet radiation, especially for people with light skin pigment? All of the answer choices are correct While most of the human population is lactose intolerant, some people can naturally digest milk and dairy products. This lactose persistence in some people is a result of their ancestors' history of dairy farming Melanin (the skin's pigment) acts as a natural sunblock, thereby protecting the skin from breakdown of folate Which of the following immigrant groups were targeted in the 19th and early 20th century as inferior to "whites" (the U.S.'s mainstream Anglo Protestant society)? All of the answer choices are correct Which of the following social supports leads to the development of athletes who excel in a particular sport? All of the answer choices are correct When anthropologists say "race is not real," what they mean more accurately is that race is not an accurate way to describe any biological differences in the human species, but ideas about race are real in social and cultural ways In environments where the sun's rays are much less intense, what problem does the human body face, especially in terms of natural selection? Not enough sunlight penetrates the skin to enable Vitamin D production The old stereotypes of primates as living in male-centered, male-dominated groups came from 1960's research on baboon groups led by males, established by force, who provided internal and external defense of the "troop" Which types of societies throughout time have had the strictest controls over marriage, in order to reproduce the existing social structure? Stratified non-egalitarian societies How did 19th and mid-20th century belief systems in the United States classify gender and sexuality? All of the answer choices are correct In the field of anthropology, what statement best describes the relative positions of male and female professors? While women hold positions of power and authority in the field, discrepancies remain among rank, salary, and publication rates People who identify as hijras from India are people who identify with a third gender role in society, often assigned male at birth or intersex The social-cultural process that creates kinship-based relationships of rights and obligations between members of a family is referred to as descent All of the following are true about gender cross culturally EXCEPT gender is always binary or dualistic, consisting of males and females Cross-culturally and historically, marriages based on free choice and romantic love are
relatively unusual and recent Complex belief systems often developed by those in power to rationalize, explain, and perpetuate systems of inequality are referred to as legitimizing ideologies Parenthood and other kinship roles and relationships are rooted in all of the answer choices are correct The types of societies most likely to recognize women's economic and reproductive contributions, as well as be more egalitarian in terms of gender relations, are foraging and horticultural societies In the U.S., the idea of a "legitimate" or "illegitimate" child refers to whether the child was a result of a legally recognized relationship that entitled offspring to certain rights, including inheritance A person whose gender identity does not match their assigned sex at birth, such as a person assigned female at birth who identifies as a man, may self-identify in a binary way as transgender All of the following were used as evidence for what the authors call the "creation story" of universal male dominance in our human ancestors, EXCEPT women were able to join men on the hunt when necessary In the 1930s, anthropologist Ruth Landes argued that Afro-Brazilian Candomblé religious communities were matriarchal because their leadership was made up of and controlled by women A set of culturally invented expectations leading to a role that a person assumes, learns, and performs, describes gender roles A two spirit person of the Zuni Pueblo represents a third gender role that is "not man" and "not woman" "Honor killings," such as those committed by conservative Muslims in Pakistan, are a tragic consequence of a family who believes that a female member of their household has shamed them through her sexuality The term cisgender refers to a person whose assigned sex at birth matches their gender identity, such as a personal assigned female at birth who identifies as a woman What do the authors argue is "natural" (that is, not culturally determined) about the family? A biological mother and biological father A social contract between (most often) two individuals and potentially their families that specifies rights and obligations of their union and their offspring is how anthropologists think of marriage The title of the ethnography, Chopsticks Work Only In Pairs (1999), reflects the Lahu society's emphasis on the importance of the male-female dyad, or partnership, in domestic life, work, and leadership In the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign, candidate Hillary Clinton was described as 'ambitious, goal-focused, strategic, "wanting" the presidency.' In her case, these descriptors were used to criticize her as seeming "power-hungry" as though women are not legitimately supposed to pursue or hold power A male-dominated political and authority structure and an ideology that privileges males over females overall is called patriarchal How do foraging societies accommodate any potential conflict between women's work and their pregnancies/childbirth? All of the answer choices are correct Which theorist proposed that religious beliefs provide rules or restrictions that suppress humans' worst instincts? Sigmund Freud Which of the following is a summary of the traditional Navajo cosmology? The world has fourteen levels, or "platters," that were created from the lowest level to the top, where humans emerged The means by which human society and culture is extended to include the nonhuman is an anthropological definition of religion The concept of mana, an impersonal supernatural force containing power, is an example of animatism In Hinduism, the atman is the supernatural or spiritual element that coexists within a person's natural body. This concept is most similar to the Christian concept of the soul Anthropologist Scott Hutson (2000) describes similarities between the altered states of consciousness and "self-forgetting" of shamans and a similar experience of participants of "rave" dance parties Anthropologists refer to full-time religious practitioners as Priests In the anthropological study of religion, a revitalization ritual is an attempt to resolve serious problems, such as war, famine, or poverty, through a supernatural intervention Why does an early human burial with stone tools, shells, animal bones, and other objects suggest a belief in the supernatural? It seems to show they were preparing their dead for what might be needed in an afterlife One of the most common characteristics of ancestor spirits across religious belief systems is that they are needy, and must be cared for properly or they can negatively affect the lives of the living The first theoretical ideas connecting religion to a set of practices and social institutions that bring a community together are connected to the writings of Emile Durkheim In calling religion "the opium of the people," Karl Marx meant that religion was an ideology that dulls people into accepting their low economic and social status by promising acceptance into Heaven through obedience The Nagol land diving ceremony is a dangerous ritual that is meant to create a sense of communitas or unity. Therefore, it can be described as a rite of intensification What are some of the forms of evidence that indicate early ideas about religion? All of the answer choices are correct
In the Chukchi community of northern Russia, a shaman may be called to this role due to their "abnormal" personality traits, such as nervousness, anxiety, or moodiness According to the chapter, there are currently about as many people in the world who consider themselves religiously "unaffiliated" as there are Roman Catholics
Which of the following practices would be considered a ritual, as the chapter defines it? Praying towards Mecca five times a day Marvin Harris argues that religious beliefs developed in India to prohibit killing cows because cows were more valuable alive than as meat, due to their role in farming and subsistence The term shaman is used to refer specifically to a/an part-time religious practitioner In the study of religion, a cosmology may be defined as an explanation for the origin or history of the world Religions that worship a single supreme God are called __________, while those that worship multiple gods are called __________. monotheistic, polytheistic A person who claims to have direct communication with the supernatural realm and who can communicate supernatural messages to others is called a prophet Practices intended to bring supernatural forces under one's personal control are referred to as magic In Buddhism, the form of a human's reincarnation depends on the quality of the karma that a person has developed over their life Why is the study of religious beliefs challenging for anthropologists? All of the answer choices are correct The political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended period of time is referred to as colonialism The feeling of ease in one's own body in familiar social settings (based on social class) can be described by the term habitus The study of the experiences of people who live in cities and the relationships of city life to broader social, political, and economic contexts, is called Urban Anthropology The creative, reflexive, and sometimes even ironic ways that people perform their various social identities can be referred to as their lifestyle The combination of different beliefs - even those that seem contradictory - into a new, harmonious whole is called syncretism The adaptation of global ideas into locally palatable forms is referred to as glocalization At the turn of the 20th century, the landowning elite began to lose control in Latin America when impoverished Latin American peasants migrated from the countryside into the cities and European immigrants arrived What are some of the problems that have resulted for quinoa farmers of Bolivia now that quinoa is a valued commodity in the global market? Correct! All of the answer choices are correct What kinds of goods and ideas flow across national boundaries, as identified by Appadurai's idea of "scapes?" All of the answer choices are correct After Latin American countries declared independence from Spain, what relationship functioned as the primary political mechanism? Patron/client A study focusing on the extraction of water from land in Fiji by a North American company that sells the water and gains its profits in the U.S. is best situated primarily within the financescape What do the chapter authors argue is the distinguishing feature of globalizat the rapid speed of global interactions A study focusing on the spread of religious doctrine by missionaries would be interested primarily in the ideoscape Globalization within a consumerist economy enables individuals all of the answer choices are correct When a country accepts a loan from the IMF or World Bank, the loan also comes with a number of mandatory conditions that the country must meet. Often, these conditions include all of the answer choices are correct The intensification of globalization has led many to use others as scapegoats, in an attempt to reassert their own values and way of life. These efforts are often referred to as __________ by social scientists. re-entrenchment The world's eight richest men now control as much wealth as the bottom __________ of the entire world's population. 50% Based on evidence from anthropological studies, which of the following results is most likely to come from the introduction of modern goods into traditional communities? Correct! The community incorporates new things into their pre-existing practices without completely trading old ideas for new ones During the height of the European colonial period, European nations ruled more than ________ of the world. Correct! 85% After one man traveled to the US from Liberia with the Ebola virus in 2014, many Americans debated whether full travel bans should be instituted to and from countries with confirmed cases of Ebola. This is not only an example of how globalization can potentially create a public health disaster, but also highlights which social aspect of intensified globalization? Correct! Xenophobic attitudes and racial prejudice How does the Afro-Brazilian religion, Candomblé, show religious syncretism? traditional gods of Candomblé, the orixás, are combined with Catholic divine beings, such as saints "The intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa" is the definition of Correct! globalization In the salsa dance world, which of the following best describes the coming together of people at salsa dance "congresses" and festivals? Correct! Dancers from all over the world convene and, even though they may not speak the same languages or share local styles, they can dance together Programs like the Peace Corps or medical professionals coming to the aid of Haitians after the 7.0 earthquake in 2010 is an example of Correct! an advantage of the intensification of globalization The multi-faceted political and economic philosophy that emphasizes privatization and unregulated markets is neoliberalism In 1609, the Jamestown wells are polluted with the poisonous heavy metal _________ arsenic In 1609, __________ was president of the colony. George Percy __________ lead the team that excavated the human remains in Structure Jamie May When __________ took over leadership of the colony, he was so despised by the upper class members of the settlement for being "vainglorious, unworthy, and ambitious" an attempt was made on his life and he fled to England. John Smith __________, forensic researcher at the Smithsonian Institution created a 3D model to reconstruct Jane's face. Stephen Rouse Of the first 104 settlers who come to Jamestown, all men, only __________ survive the first seven months. 38 More than __________ artifacts have been recovered from Structure 191. 47,000 Forensic anthropologist __________ from the Smithsonian Institution analyzed the remains of the Jamestown girl and determined she was approximately 14 years old. Douglas Owsley __________ is the Director of Archaeological Research at Jamestown. William Kelso By 1609, there are 130 colonists living in Jamestown, including __________ women. 2 The Japanese military attacked Pearl Harbor on (full date) __________. Correct! December 7, 1941 Thanks to higher wages, a large number of __________ left their community jobs in favor of work at the internment camps, fueling rumors and resentments towards the Japanese-American prisoners.
teachers In February 1942, President Franklin Roosevelt signed __________, authorizing the military to designate areas from which certain people could be excluded. Executive Order 9066 The first wave of Japanese immigrants settled in California, Oregon, Washington and Hawaii in the late __________ century. Nineteenth More than __________ Hawaiian men of Japanese descent volunteered for the army. 10,000 Japanese-American families were so terrified of being accused of __________ that many burned all of their family possessions. collaboration Japanese-American interments victims didn't receive, recognition, compensation, or a formal apology until the 1988 __________ Act. Civil Liberties Before internment, more than __________% of the adults sent to the Arkansas internment camps worked in farming. 60 Arkansas governor __________ feared a Japanese-American presence would upset the state's rigidly efficient system of segregation. Homer Adkins There were __________ federal indictments of a Japanese-American in either the mainland United States or Hawaii. zero According to ___________, the AAFH Liaison Officer, girls in the Ethiopian countryside will begin carry water jars by age two. Ruth Kennedy Doctors at the AAFH are able to close a patient's fistula in about __________% of cases. 93 Dr. __________ performed a double fistula surgery on Almaz to repair her vagina and bladder. Correct! Haile aytenfishu __________, when a girl is unable to deliver, often due to the size of her pelvis, is the most common cause of fistula. Obstructed labor Doctors at the AAFH use a __________ test to ensure the fistula hole is completely closed. Dye According to the doctors at the AAFH, the average labor last approximately __________ hours, but fistula patients often experience prolonged labor of up to 10 days. 12 __________ is the co-founder of the Addis Adaba Fistula Hospital. Catherine Hamlin There are (number) __________ gynecologists and obstetricians in Ethiopia. 146 Staff at the AAFH often include __________ as well as surgery in their treatment of fistula patients. psychotherapy According to the doctors at the AAFH, in approximately __________% of all labors women will need help to deliver. Correct! 5 Following the Buddha's death, his cremated remains were divided among the eight Buddhist kings, including the __________ family, the Buddha's clan. Sakya ____________________ in Northern India, revered as Buddhism's holiest site, is where the Buddha attained enlightenment more than 2,400 years ago. Bodh Gaya India's British Colonial government gifted the cremated remains from the Piprahwa stupa to ____________________ of Siam. Rama
the 5th Once a brutal and blood-thirsty emperor, ____________________ converted to Buddhism and became a principled and moral ruler who's Buddhist empire threatened the power of the Hindu priests. Ashoka Archaeologist __________ excavated the earliest burial level of the Pripahwa stupa in the early 1970's. K S Srivastava Professor ____________________, the world's leading authority on ancient Indian languages, confirmed that the inscription Peppe's reliquary urn is authentic and a dialect unique to ancient Northern India. Harry Falk The earliest burial level of the Pripahwa stupa was made up of two small chambers, each with a __________ casket and some broken
redware dishes, likely from the time of the Buddha himself. soapstone The striking and elaborate ____________________ stupa is the only surviving monument from the short lived Buddhist Indian Empire. Sanchi Purported archaeological expert ____________________ turned out to be a fraud who had had sold bogus Buddha relics, falsified numerous reports and had faked at least one ancient inscription. Correct! Anton Fuhrer District officer and antiquarian __________ first transcribed the Priprahwa urn inscription. Vincent Smith Political activist __________ formed the Sleepy Lagoon Defense Committee.
Alice McGrath According to historians such as George Sanchez and __________, Mexican-American teenagers in the 1940's were distancing themselves from their traditional, conservative culture and embracing all things jazz oriented. Eduardo Pagan Police Chief __________ was the lead investigator on the Sleepy Lagoon murder
case. Clem Peoples Though officially still unsolved, the Sleepy Lagoon murder was probably committed by __________, who had been shielded by his sister's refusal to testify. Louie Encinas __________ was the prime suspect in the Sleepy Lagoon Murder. Hank Leyvas At the time of the zoot suit riots, there were approximately __________ sailors stationed in Los Angeles. 50,000 Within 48 hours of the Sleepy Lagoon murder, __________ Mexican-Americans were picked up in a police dragnet. Six hundred Mexican-Americans as young as __________
years old were picked up in the Sleepy Lagoon Murder dragnet. 12 Following a guilty verdict, the Sleepy Lagoon defendants were sent to __________ prison. San Quentin The Sleepy Lagoon Defense Committee boasted the star power of Hollywood celebrities such as Orson Wells, Rita Hayworth, and
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During the 1920s, some scholars argued for a division of European races into Quizlet
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